SATA to USB adapter not working

I bought an AXAGON SDSA-FP3 FASTport3 SATA to USB adapter. I have three HDDs which worked before. Through the adapter sometimes I can write data to them, sometimes they spin up but don't show up in fdisk -l or Double Commander and sometimes they show up but can't be mounted. rsync on one of the drives ended with

rsync: [receiver] write failed on "/file/on/the/connected/disk": Read-only file system (30)
rsync error: error in file IO (code 11) at receiver.c(378) [receiver=3.2.3]
rsync: [sender] write error: Broken pipe (32)

I started it again, it outputs many of this

rsync: [receiver] mkstemp "/file/on/the/connected/disk.[random 6 characters]" failed: Read-only file system (30)

I use debian. Is the adapter faulty? If not, how can I make it work?