After upgrade to Debian Bookworm, I'm encountering slow boot, significantly slower than the previous Bullseye version. How to find the real reason and fix it?
**boot log:**
: Starting networking.service - Raise network interfaces...
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.4.3-P1
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client 4.4.3-P1
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: Copyright 2004-2022 Internet Systems Consortium.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: All rights reserved.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: Copyright 2004-2022 Internet Systems Consortium.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: All rights reserved.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: For info, please visit https://www.isc.org/software/dhcp/
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient:
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: Cannot find device "eth0"
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: Failed to get interface index: No such device
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: Failed to get interface index: No such device
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: If you think you have received this message due to a bug rather
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: than a configuration issue please read the section on submitting
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: bugs on either our web page at www.isc.org or in the README file
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: before submitting a bug. These pages explain the proper
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: process and the information we find helpful for debugging.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: exiting.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient:
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: If you think you have received this message due to a bug rather
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: than a configuration issue please read the section on submitting
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: bugs on either our web page at www.isc.org or in the README file
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: before submitting a bug. These pages explain the proper
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: process and the information we find helpful for debugging.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient:
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 dhclient: exiting.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 ifup: ifup: failed to bring up eth0
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 systemd: networking.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 systemd: networking.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Jun 24 14:58:52 debian11 systemd: Failed to start networking.service - Raise network interfaces.
lines 3-31/31 (END)
EDIT:
.
[FAILED] Failed to start Raise network interfaces.
See 'systemctl status networking.service' for details.
[ OK ] Reached target Network.
Starting CUPS Scheduler...
Starting OpenVPN service...
Starting Permit User Sessions...
[ OK ] Finished Permit User Sessions.
Starting Light Display Manager...
Starting Hold until boot process finishes up...
[ OK ] Finished OpenVPN service.
Starting Network Manager Script Dispatcher Service...
[ OK ] Started Network Manager Script Dispatcher Service.
[ OK ] Finished Rotate log files.
------------ Mon Jun 23 15:27:17 EEST 2025 ------------
root: clean, 257828/1638400 files, 4733489/6553600 blocks
Mounting proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount - Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System...
[ OK ] Mounted proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount - Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-binfmt.service - Set Up Additional Binary Formats.
Starting binfmt-support.service - Enable support for additional executable binary formats...
[ OK ] Finished ufw.service - Uncomplicated firewall.
[ OK ] Finished binfmt-support.service - Enable support for additional executable binary formats.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create System Files and Directories.
[ OK ] Started resolvconf.service - Nameserver information manager.
[ OK ] Reached target network-pre.target - Preparation for Network.
Starting systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization...
Starting systemd-update-utmp.service - Record System Boot/Shutdown in UTMP...
[ OK ] Finished systemd-update-utmp.service - Record System Boot/Shutdown in UTMP.
[ OK ] Started systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization.
[ OK ] Reached target time-set.target - System Time Set.
Starting systemd-rfkill.service - Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status...
[ OK ] Finished ifupdown-pre.service - Helper to synchronize boot up for ifupdown.
Starting modprobe@dm_mod.service - Load Kernel Module dm_mod...
Starting modprobe@efi_pstore.service - Load Kernel Module efi_pstore...
Starting modprobe@loop.service - Load Kernel Module loop...
[ OK ] Started systemd-rfkill.service - Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status.
[ OK ] Finished modprobe@dm_mod.service - Load Kernel Module dm_mod.
[ OK ] Finished modprobe@efi_pstore.service - Load Kernel Module efi_pstore.
[ OK ] Finished modprobe@loop.service - Load Kernel Module loop.
[ OK ] Finished apparmor.service - Load AppArmor profiles.
[ OK ] Reached target sysinit.target - System Initialization.
[ OK ] Started acpid.path - ACPI Events Check.
[ OK ] Started cups.path - CUPS Scheduler.
[ OK ] Started anacron.timer - Trigger anacron every hour.
[ OK ] Started apt-daily.timer - Daily apt download activities.
[ OK ] Started apt-daily-upgrade.timer - Daily apt upgrade and clean activities.
[ OK ] Started dpkg-db-backup.timer - Daily dpkg database backup timer.
[ OK ] Started e2scrub_all.timer - Periodic ext4 Online Metadata Check for All Filesystems.
[ OK ] Started exim4-base.timer - Daily exim4-base housekeeping.
[ OK ] Started fstrim.timer - Discard unused blocks once a week.
[ OK ] Started fwupd-refresh.timer - Refresh fwupd metadata regularly.
[ OK ] Started logrotate.timer - Daily rotation of log files.
[ OK ] Started man-db.timer - Daily man-db regeneration.
[ OK ] Started systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer - Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[ OK ] Reached target paths.target - Path Units.
[ OK ] Reached target timers.target - Timer Units.
[ OK ] Listening on acpid.socket - ACPID Listen Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on avahi-daemon.socket - Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack Activation Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on cups.socket - CUPS Scheduler.
[ OK ] Listening on dbus.socket - D-Bus System Message Bus Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on pcscd.socket - PC/SC Smart Card Daemon Activation Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on uuidd.socket - UUID daemon activation socket.
[ OK ] Reached target sockets.target - Socket Units.
Starting networking.service - Raise network interfaces...
[ OK ] Reached target basic.target - Basic System.
Starting alsa-restore.service - Save/Restore Sound Card State...
[ OK ] Started anacron.service - Run anacron jobs.
Starting avahi-daemon.service - Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack...
Starting bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service...
[ OK ] Started cron.service - Regular background program processing daemon.
Starting dbus.service - D-Bus System Message Bus...
Starting e2scrub_reap.service - Remove Stale Online ext4 Metadata Check Snapshots...
Starting lm-sensors.service - Initialize hardware monitoring sensors...
Starting polkit.service - Authorization Manager...
Starting rsyslog.service - System Logging Service...
Starting smartmontools.service - Self Monitoring and Reporting Technology (SMART) Daemon...
Starting systemd-logind.service - User Login Management...
Starting udisks2.service - Disk Manager...
[ OK ] Finished alsa-restore.service - Save/Restore Sound Card State.
[ OK ] Reached target sound.target - Sound Card.
[ OK ] Started rsyslog.service - System Logging Service.
[ OK ] Finished lm-sensors.service - Initialize hardware monitoring sensors.
[ OK ] Started smartmontools.service - Self Monitoring and Reporting Technology (SMART) Daemon.
[FAILED] Failed to start networking.service - Raise network interfaces.
See 'systemctl status networking.service' for details.
[ OK ] Started dbus.service - D-Bus System Message Bus.
Starting NetworkManager.service - Network Manager...
Starting wpa_supplicant.service - WPA supplicant...
[ OK ] Started bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service.
[ OK ] Started avahi-daemon.service - Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack.
[ OK ] Started systemd-logind.service - User Login Management.
[ OK ] Reached target bluetooth.target - Bluetooth Support.
[ OK ] Finished e2scrub_reap.service - Remove Stale Online ext4 Metadata Check Snapshots.
[ OK ] Started polkit.service - Authorization Manager.
Starting ModemManager.service - Modem Manager...
Starting systemd-hostnamed.service - Hostname Service...
[ OK ] Started wpa_supplicant.service - WPA supplicant.
[ OK ] Started systemd-hostnamed.service - Hostname Service.
[ OK ] Started udisks2.service - Disk Manager.
[ OK ] Started NetworkManager.service - Network Manager.
[ OK ] Reached target network.target - Network.
Starting NetworkManager-wait-online.service - Network Manager Wait Online...
Starting cups.service - CUPS Scheduler...
Starting openvpn.service - OpenVPN service...
Starting systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions...
[ OK ] Finished openvpn.service - OpenVPN service.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions.
Starting lightdm.service - Light Display Manager...
Starting plymouth-quit-wait.service - Hold until boot process finishes up...
------------ Mon Jun 23 23:30:33 EEST 2025 ------------
root: clean, 235447/1638400 files, 3704404/6553600 blocks
Mounting proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount - Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System...
[ OK ] Mounted proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount - Arbitrary Executable File Formats File System.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-binfmt.service - Set Up Additional Binary Formats.
Starting binfmt-support.service - Enable support for additional executable binary formats...
[ OK ] Finished ufw.service - Uncomplicated firewall.
[ OK ] Finished binfmt-support.service - Enable support for additional executable binary formats.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service - Create System Files and Directories.
[ OK ] Started resolvconf.service - Nameserver information manager.
[ OK ] Reached target network-pre.target - Preparation for Network.
Starting systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization...
Starting systemd-update-utmp.service - Record System Boot/Shutdown in UTMP...
[ OK ] Started systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization.
[ OK ] Reached target time-set.target - System Time Set.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-update-utmp.service - Record System Boot/Shutdown in UTMP.
[ OK ] Finished apparmor.service - Load AppArmor profiles.
[ OK ] Reached target sysinit.target - System Initialization.
[ OK ] Started acpid.path - ACPI Events Check.
[ OK ] Started cups.path - CUPS Scheduler.
[ OK ] Started anacron.timer - Trigger anacron every hour.
[ OK ] Started apt-daily.timer - Daily apt download activities.
[ OK ] Started apt-daily-upgrade.timer - Daily apt upgrade and clean activities.
[ OK ] Started dpkg-db-backup.timer - Daily dpkg database backup timer.
[ OK ] Started e2scrub_all.timer - Periodic ext4 Online Metadata Check for All Filesystems.
[ OK ] Started exim4-base.timer - Daily exim4-base housekeeping.
[ OK ] Started fstrim.timer - Discard unused blocks once a week.
[ OK ] Started fwupd-refresh.timer - Refresh fwupd metadata regularly.
[ OK ] Started logrotate.timer - Daily rotation of log files.
[ OK ] Started man-db.timer - Daily man-db regeneration.
[ OK ] Started systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer - Daily Cleanup of Temporary Directories.
[ OK ] Reached target paths.target - Path Units.
[ OK ] Reached target timers.target - Timer Units.
[ OK ] Listening on acpid.socket - ACPID Listen Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on avahi-daemon.socket - Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack Activation Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on cups.socket - CUPS Scheduler.
[ OK ] Listening on dbus.socket - D-Bus System Message Bus Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on pcscd.socket - PC/SC Smart Card Daemon Activation Socket.
[ OK ] Listening on uuidd.socket - UUID daemon activation socket.
[ OK ] Reached target sockets.target - Socket Units.
[ OK ] Reached target basic.target - Basic System.
Starting alsa-restore.service - Save/Restore Sound Card State...
[ OK ] Started anacron.service - Run anacron jobs.
Starting avahi-daemon.service - Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack...
[ OK ] Started cron.service - Regular background program processing daemon.
Starting dbus.service - D-Bus System Message Bus...
Starting e2scrub_reap.service - Remove Stale Online ext4 Metadata Check Snapshots...
Starting lm-sensors.service - Initialize hardware monitoring sensors...
Starting polkit.service - Authorization Manager...
Starting rsyslog.service - System Logging Service...
Starting smartmontools.service - Self Monitoring and Reporting Technology (SMART) Daemon...
Starting systemd-logind.service - User Login Management...
Starting udisks2.service - Disk Manager...
[ OK ] Finished alsa-restore.service - Save/Restore Sound Card State.
[ OK ] Reached target sound.target - Sound Card.
[ OK ] Started rsyslog.service - System Logging Service.
Starting systemd-rfkill.service - Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status...
[ OK ] Finished ifupdown-pre.service - Helper to synchronize boot up for ifupdown.
[ OK ] Started systemd-rfkill.service - Load/Save RF Kill Switch Status.
Starting bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service...
Starting networking.service - Raise network interfaces...
[ OK ] Finished lm-sensors.service - Initialize hardware monitoring sensors.
[ OK ] Started smartmontools.service - Self Monitoring and Reporting Technology (SMART) Daemon.
[ OK ] Started dbus.service - D-Bus System Message Bus.
Starting NetworkManager.service - Network Manager...
Starting wpa_supplicant.service - WPA supplicant...
[ OK ] Started systemd-logind.service - User Login Management.
[ OK ] Started avahi-daemon.service - Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack.
[ OK ] Started bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service.
[ OK ] Reached target bluetooth.target - Bluetooth Support.
[FAILED] Failed to start networking.service - Raise network interfaces.
See 'systemctl status networking.service' for details.
[ OK ] Started polkit.service - Authorization Manager.
Starting ModemManager.service - Modem Manager...
Starting systemd-hostnamed.service - Hostname Service...
[ OK ] Started systemd-hostnamed.service - Hostname Service.
[ OK ] Started wpa_supplicant.service - WPA supplicant.
[ OK ] Started udisks2.service - Disk Manager.
[ OK ] Started NetworkManager.service - Network Manager.
[ OK ] Reached target network.target - Network.
Starting NetworkManager-wait-online.service - Network Manager Wait Online...
Starting cups.service - CUPS Scheduler...
Starting openvpn.service - OpenVPN service...
Starting systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions...
[ OK ] Finished openvpn.service - OpenVPN service.
[ OK ] Finished systemd-user-sessions.service - Permit User Sessions.
Starting lightdm.service - Light Display Manager...
Starting plymouth-quit-wait.service - Hold until boot process finishes up...$ sudo systemctl status networking.service
× networking.service - Raise network interfaces
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/networking.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Mon 2025-06-23 23:30:40 EEST; 2h 22min ago
Docs: man:interfaces(5)
Process: 657 ExecStart=/sbin/ifup -a --read-environment (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
Process: 731 ExecStopPost=/usr/bin/touch /run/network/restart-hotplug (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 657 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
CPU: 116ms
Jun 23 23:30:39 debian11 dhclient: than a configuration issue please read the section on submitting
Jun 23 23:30:39 debian11 dhclient: bugs on either our web page at www.isc.org or in the README file
Jun 23 23:30:39 debian11 dhclient: before submitting a bug. These pages explain the proper
Jun 23 23:30:39 debian11 dhclient: process and the information we find helpful for debugging.
Jun 23 23:30:39 debian11 dhclient:
Jun 23 23:30:39 debian11 dhclient: exiting.
Jun 23 23:30:40 debian11 ifup: ifup: failed to bring up eth0
Jun 23 23:30:40 debian11 systemd: networking.service: Main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Jun 23 23:30:40 debian11 systemd: networking.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Jun 23 23:30:40 debian11 systemd: Failed to start networking.service - Raise network interfaces.$ systemd-analyze blame
10.964s ifupdown-pre.service
10.561s e2scrub_reap.service
8.615s dev-sda3.device
7.678s systemd-journal-flush.service
7.670s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
7.138s udisks2.service
5.499s polkit.service
5.082s avahi-daemon.service
5.056s systemd-logind.service
5.036s dbus.service
4.465s networking.service
4.253s bluetooth.service
3.208s ModemManager.service
3.157s cups.service
3.039s smartmontools.service
2.742s NetworkManager.service
1.956s dpkg-db-backup.service
1.897s systemd-udevd.service
1.820s exim4.service
1.372s apparmor.service
1.267s plymouth-start.service
1.182s systemd-modules-load.service
1.049s logrotate.service
lines 1-23...skipping...
10.964s ifupdown-pre.service
10.561s e2scrub_reap.service
8.615s dev-sda3.device
7.678s systemd-journal-flush.service
7.670s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
7.138s udisks2.service
5.499s polkit.service
5.082s avahi-daemon.service
5.056s systemd-logind.service
5.036s dbus.service
4.465s networking.service
4.253s bluetooth.service
3.208s ModemManager.service
3.157s cups.service
3.039s smartmontools.service
2.742s NetworkManager.service
1.956s dpkg-db-backup.service
1.897s systemd-udevd.service
1.820s exim4.service
1.372s apparmor.service
1.267s plymouth-start.service
1.182s systemd-modules-load.service
1.049s logrotate.service
837ms lm-sensors.service
796ms wpa_supplicant.service
788ms systemd-udev-trigger.service
786ms systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-93c98828\x2d5fb8\x2d4c0e\x2db6bf\x2dde8d13a9d22e.service
785ms systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service
729ms lightdm.service
695ms plymouth-quit-wait.service
642ms systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-2F1D\x2d01E6.service
619ms tftpd-hpa.service
612ms systemd-random-seed.service
608ms colord.service
541ms rsyslog.service
524ms systemd-backlight@backlight:intel_backlight.service
508ms systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service
442ms systemd-sysusers.service
364ms inetd.service
306ms user@1000.service
305ms systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service
272ms upower.service
255ms systemd-journald.service
252ms binfmt-support.service
252ms systemd-sysctl.service
250ms keyboard-setup.service
229ms boot-efi.mount
215ms systemd-remount-fs.service
209ms exim4-base.service
...
lines 52-80/80 (END)$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
The time when unit became active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit took to start is printed after the "+" character.
graphical.target @31.489s
└─multi-user.target @31.489s
└─exim4.service @29.667s +1.820s
└─network-online.target @29.631s
└─NetworkManager-wait-online.service @21.959s +7.670s
└─NetworkManager.service @19.187s +2.742s
└─dbus.service @14.112s +5.036s
└─basic.target @14.041s
└─sockets.target @14.041s
└─uuidd.socket @14.041s
└─sysinit.target @13.976s
└─apparmor.service @12.603s +1.372s
└─local-fs.target @12.581s
└─run-credentials-systemd\x2dtmpfiles\x2dsetup.service.mount @12.737s
└─local-fs-pre.target @4.418s
└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @3.631s +785ms
└─systemd-sysusers.service @3.169s +442ms
└─systemd-remount-fs.service @2.929s +215ms
└─systemd-journald.socket @2.872s
└─-.mount @2.815s
lines 1-23...skipping...
The time when unit became active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit took to start is printed after the "+" character.
graphical.target @31.489s
└─multi-user.target @31.489s
└─exim4.service @29.667s +1.820s
└─network-online.target @29.631s
└─NetworkManager-wait-online.service @21.959s +7.670s
└─NetworkManager.service @19.187s +2.742s
└─dbus.service @14.112s +5.036s
└─basic.target @14.041s
└─sockets.target @14.041s
└─uuidd.socket @14.041s
└─sysinit.target @13.976s
└─apparmor.service @12.603s +1.372s
└─local-fs.target @12.581s
└─run-credentials-systemd\x2dtmpfiles\x2dsetup.service.mount @12.737s
└─local-fs-pre.target @4.418s
└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @3.631s +785ms
└─systemd-sysusers.service @3.169s +442ms
└─systemd-remount-fs.service @2.929s +215ms
└─systemd-journald.socket @2.872s
└─-.mount @2.815s
└─-.slice @2.815s/etc/network/interfaces.d folder contains 'setup' file with content
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
Partial output of command systemctl show "run-credentials-systemd\x2dtmpfiles\x2dsetup.service.mount":
Id=run-credentials-systemd\x2dtmpfiles\x2dsetup.service.mount
Names="run-credentials-systemd\\x2dtmpfiles\\x2dsetup.service.mount"
Graphic image of systemd .
Asked by minto
(575 rep)
Jun 23, 2025, 09:19 PM
Last activity: Jun 25, 2025, 12:14 AM
Last activity: Jun 25, 2025, 12:14 AM