How to see my Android partitions via Linux machine terminal?

When I connect my Android device via USB into a Linux machine (be it Debian, Ubuntu, Arch, etc.) I am unable to find any trace of the device or partitions using cmds fdisk -l, lsblk, etc. This is apparently due to the Android device not being treated like regular USB storage and being accessed through MTP. How can I view my Android partition tables etc? Ideally without downloading adb, using basic Linux pre-installed packages.