How can I (safely) refresh data on an HDD?

I have an HDD (for simplicity, let's assume it has a single partition). I would like to refresh the data on my HDD: Read all data, and write the same data, possibly but not necessarily at the exact same physical location, so that the logical contents of the partition has not changed, but the data has been read and written. This is, of course, a disk maintenance operation for an archival HDD which typically sits unused. There are a few options for doing this on Windows – how would I go about doing this on a (modern) GNU/Linux machine? Note: * Command-line is great, GUI is fine. * I don't mind if this requires root privileges. * I use Devuan GNU/Linux, but would rather the answer be distribution-neutral. * x86_64 machine in case it matters. * HDD is connected either via SATA, USB or PCIe.  If your answer only regards one of these buses – that's ok.