Programs often store config files in the home directory usually in a hidden directory, often but not limited to sub-directories of ~/.config, ~/.local or ~/.gnome After uninstalling the programs, the config-files are still kept (which usually is preferred). Currently I look through the hidden directories of home from time to time, try to guess where the directories belong to, and delete them, if I'm not using the program anymore. But this is time-consuming and difficult/error-prone, because sometimes it's hard to guess, which program a directory belongs to. I wonder if there is tool or method that could help me here. (Similar to Bleachbit or CCleaner on Win, but afaik they don't have this functionality). **Is there an easy way to identify and remove orphaned config-directories of uninstalled software?** **Edit:** I'm using Arch and Ubuntu, but solutions for other distros would be interesting, too. The solution doesn't need to be a user friendly GUI-application (would be nice, though), a CLI command or script would work for me, too.

What is the best way to **renew a gpg key pair when it got expired** and what is the reason for the method? The key pair is already signed by many users and available on public servers. - Should the new key be a subkey of the expired private key? - Should it be signed by the old (I could try to edit the key and change the date of expiration to tomorrow)? - Should the new key sign the old?

There is an issue with Solaris 11 machine and it boots automatically to the single user mode.We can see the error message "**nfs mount: : RPC: Rpcbind failure - RPC: Unable to receive"**. The machine is a LDom . I booted through OS Image and found that there was an entry in vfstab corresponding to the same. It was removed and tried to start the server again but still the same. I cross checked and there was no entries in dfstab.As in attached image we can see that the network milestone is maintenance mode. Kindly guide me what further investigation and action need to be taken as this is an critical server and need to solve the issue asap. Kindly let me know if any further info required.

I have an HDD (for simplicity, let's assume it has a single partition). I would like to refresh the data on my HDD: Read all data, and write the same data, possibly but not necessarily at the exact same physical location, so that the logical contents of the partition has not changed, but the data has been read and written. This is, of course, a disk maintenance operation for an archival HDD which typically sits unused. There are a few options for doing this on Windows – how would I go about doing this on a (modern) GNU/Linux machine? Note: * Command-line is great, GUI is fine. * I don't mind if this requires root privileges. * I use Devuan GNU/Linux, but would rather the answer be distribution-neutral. * x86_64 machine in case it matters. * HDD is connected either via SATA, USB or PCIe.  If your answer only regards one of these buses – that's ok.

I have been running both pacman -Syu and -Syuu with the following packages: > glibc make icu qt6-base linux-firmware pcaman-contrib > archlinux-contrib gcc-libs sh python wireplumber pipewire lha > base-devel fwupd linux-firmware-qlogic linux-firmware-bnx2x > linux-firmware-liquidio linux-firmware-mellanox linux-firmware-nfp The subsequent log gives no errors, only warnings. One is related to consolefonts in the mkinitcpio file. I've just been removing that element from the file and it doesn't seem to result in further problems. Another set of warnings relates to the AUR packages mentioned here https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Mkinitcpio#Possibly_missing_firmware_for_module_XXXX . I've been installing them after the first -Syu and then re-runnign -Syu afterwards to check if they need any packages. However, every time I install upd72020x-fw, it always comes empty. I have no idea why or what effect this has. The last set of warnings mention permissions being different on the system than the package apparently wants. I've tried pre-empting these by manually changing the permissions using chmod to the numbers stated, but that just makes other packages warn about differing permissions. I've tried running -Syu without the extra packages, which leads to the same result. I've been saying yes to all of the "replace (package) with extra_main/(package)5" requests. If I do need to say no to them every time, is there a way to do so without having to type n for each? The system works fine if I don't use -Syu, but that limits what I can do with it severely. Processors: 4 x AMD Ryzen 3 2300X Quad-Core Processor Memory: 7.7 GiB Graphic Processor: AMD Radeon RX 570

The manufacturers of the SSDs I currently use all have their own tools for lowlevel maintenance, which usually also work only on internal drives (i.e. no USB-attached externals). Too bad apparently for people using other platforms but it's easy enough nowadays to make a bootable MSWin install using WinToUSB for this kind of periodic maintenance/rescue. To date I've used such a tool once (Verbatim's) to do an "optimisation" (must have been a TRIM) but which took much longer than expected on a drive that had been repartitioned not long ago and only used for some performance testing. EDIT: IOW, this suggests something more thorough was being done. On Linux, TRIM seems to be something that's linked to the filesystem (EDIT: yes, I know how to do a TRIM under Linux!) so I have to wonder if those MSWin manufacturer tools are safe for use on drives containing non-Microsoft filesystems? EDIT: Verbatim's tool: https://filecr.com/windows/verbatim-ssd-utility/?id=901417034000 (I haven't found a dedicated page on their site) Kingston's manager: https://www.kingston.com/en/support/technical/ssdmanager WD's dashboard: https://support-en.wd.com/app/answers/detailweb/a_id/31759/kw/Western%20Digital%20Dashboard

my /etc/fstab UUID=12345abcdef /data xfs defaults 0 0 I thought the *0 0* part, one of those, meant skip disk checking so during boot if the disk wasn't there the OS would be ok with it and continue. In RHEL 8.8 I have that entry in /etc/fstab but I have that disk manually removed from the system. Redhat firsts does the systemd *waiting on whatever* for 1m30s then drops to *hit Ctrl-D for maintenance or enter root password*. I enter root password, comment out that entry in /etc/fstab and reboot and things are fine. Is there a way to configure RHEL-8 so it doesn't pause for the minute and 30 seconds, and does not drop to maintenance ? Can it just print a boot message, finish booting, don't delay for more than 2 seconds?

Somewhere I found this command for _a flatpak maintenance_:

flatpak uninstall --unused

I did have no free time at that point, so I saved it for later use. Now, when I execute it, I get:

$ flatpak uninstall --unused

These runtimes in installation 'system' are pinned and won't be removed; see flatpak-pin(1):
  runtime/org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.nvidia-535-54-03/x86_64/1.4


        ID                                                       Branch            Op
 1.     org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                      1.6               r
 2.     org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                      21.08             r
 3.     org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.nvidia-525-105-17            1.4               r
 4.     org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.nvidia-530-41-03             1.4               r
 5.     org.freedesktop.Platform.VAAPI.Intel                     21.08             r
 6.     org.freedesktop.Platform.openh264                        2.0               r
 7.     org.freedesktop.Platform                                 21.08             r
 8.     org.freedesktop.Platform.Locale                          21.08             r
 9.     org.gnome.Platform                                       43                r
10.     org.gnome.Platform.Locale                                43                r
11.     org.freedesktop.Platform.openh264                        2.2.0             r
12.     org.gnome.Sdk                                            3.28              r
13.     org.gnome.Sdk.Locale                                     3.28              r

Proceed with these changes to the system installation? [Y/n]: n

I do not want to cripple my system which is Linux Mint 21.1 Vera Cinnamon. Could anyone tell me how to determine for sure if these flatpaks are really not used? --- The whole list of flatpaks installed in my system follows:

$ flatpak list

Name                                                    Application ID                                           Version               Branch                 Origin             Installation
PyCharm-Community                                       com.jetbrains.PyCharm-Community                          2023.1                stable                 flathub            system
Freedesktop Platform                                    org.freedesktop.Platform                                 21.08.19              21.08                  flathub            system
Freedesktop Platform                                    org.freedesktop.Platform                                 22.08.12.1            22.08                  flathub            system
default                                                 org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                                            1.6                    gnome              system
Mesa                                                    org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                      21.3.9                21.08                  flathub            system
Mesa                                                    org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                      23.1.1                22.08                  flathub            system
Mesa (Extra)                                            org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default                      23.1.1                22.08-extra            flathub            system
nvidia-525-105-17                                       org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.nvidia-525-105-17                                  1.4                    flathub            system
nvidia-530-41-03                                        org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.nvidia-530-41-03                                   1.4                    flathub            system
nvidia-535-54-03                                        org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.nvidia-535-54-03                                   1.4                    flathub            system
Intel                                                   org.freedesktop.Platform.VAAPI.Intel                                           21.08                  flathub            system
Intel                                                   org.freedesktop.Platform.VAAPI.Intel                                           22.08                  flathub            system
openh264                                                org.freedesktop.Platform.openh264                        2.1.0                 2.0                    flathub            system
openh264                                                org.freedesktop.Platform.openh264                        2.1.0                 2.2.0                  flathub            system
Freedesktop SDK                                         org.freedesktop.Sdk                                      22.08.12.1            22.08                  flathub            system
GNOME Application Platform version 43                   org.gnome.Platform                                                             43                     flathub            system
GNOME Software Development Kit version 3.28             org.gnome.Sdk                                                                  3.28                   gnome              system
Mint-Y Gtk Theme                                        org.gtk.Gtk3theme.Mint-Y                                                       3.22                   flathub            system
Mint-Y-Aqua Gtk Theme                                   org.gtk.Gtk3theme.Mint-Y-Aqua                                                  3.22                   flathub            system
Mint-Y-Dark-Purple Gtk Theme                            org.gtk.Gtk3theme.Mint-Y-Dark-Purple                                           3.22                   flathub            system
TigerVNC Viewer                                         org.tigervnc.vncviewer                                   1.13.0                stable                 flathub            system

--- When trying to update, it tells me that 3 Flatpaks have likely been moved out of the GNOME repository

$ flatpak update

Looking for updates…
F: Warning: Treating remote fetch error as non-fatal since runtime/org.gnome.Sdk/x86_64/3.28 is already installed: No such ref 'runtime/org.gnome.Sdk/x86_64/3.28' in remote gnome
F: Warning: Treating remote fetch error as non-fatal since runtime/org.gnome.Sdk.Locale/x86_64/3.28 is already installed: No such ref 'runtime/org.gnome.Sdk.Locale/x86_64/3.28' in remote gnome
F: Warning: Treating remote fetch error as non-fatal since runtime/org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default/x86_64/1.6 is already installed: No such ref 'runtime/org.freedesktop.Platform.GL.default/x86_64/1.6' in remote gnome
Nothing to do.

I read several question for the mentioned topic, but I'm not sure if they really answer the question for my problem. I have an application running and I redirect the output to a log file, i.e., nohup ./start.sh ./config/s.properties >./logs/app.log 2>&1 & The file is now 80GB in size and I would like to delete it. Most of the answers here suggest not to delete it, because the data will still be written to the "deleted" file. Answers suggest to use logrotate instead, but I'm wondering if logrotate works with redirected output? If it does work, what would the configuration look like? Do I need any postrotate command? I should mention that it is impossible for me to stop and restart the running application, thus I would just like to "steal" the file and let the running application write to a new one. If logrotate is not the solution, what should I do - again I cannot stop and restart the running application - so that I can reduce the file-size? Thanks for any help! PS: Just to mention the application is running on a Debian8 64 OS

About halt in Linux in these places: * [What is the difference between the shutdown, halt and reboot commands?](https://superuser.com/a/236912/1024056) * [Understanding Shutdown, Poweroff, Halt and Reboot Commands in Linux](https://www.tecmint.com/shutdown-poweroff-halt-and-reboot-commands-in-linux/) * [What is halt command in Linux?](https://frameboxxindore.com/other/what-is-halt-command-in-linux.html) Indicate the following: halt is usually to get to a state where you can perform low level maintenance. and You can use it to get the system to a state where you can perform low level maintenance. Therefore: What does _"you can perform low level maintenance"_ mean? Some examples/scenarios to understand would be valuable. I want to know what is possible to do without the OS running and the PC with running (therefore electricity is available)

I noticed that on one of my machines the last command returned nothing. I determined the cause of this to be an empty /var/log/wtmp file. What would cause this to be empty? I assume the "tmp" means temporary, but what and where decides how temporary this log file is?

Is there a way to completely remove ***ALL*** traces of a program in Linux? I've researched a lot on this, and I've seen people talk about apt-get remove packagename, apt-get purge packagename, apt-get remove --purge packagename, and apt-get autoremove, but it sounds like all of these leave configuration files or other traces of some sort. I want to remove ***EVERYTHING***, though. I'm talking uninstall and completely remove the program, the package, all dependencies, all configuration files, and all data files. Remove everything associated with the program, leaving the system like the program was never installed and never existed. I'm looking to switch to Linux as my main OS (from Windows), but for me to sleep soundly at night, I *need* to know that when I uninstall something, everything associated with that thing is gone. I know it's weird. But you know, we all have our needs. Please help me out here; I could even pick a distro based on this, if I had to. Thanks, and have a wonderful day!

We have 30 days of backups = 30 folders, the backup runs hourly so in each of these folders, there are 24 files in each folder. We need to run a script that keeps the five latest dates of files. For example, if today is June 30 and I run that script, it doesnt matter how many files are in the folders June 25, June 26, June 27, July 28, July 29 it will keep all five folders and only delete the folders from June 24 and older. Would also be nice to skip folders that have data < 10kb incase a backup task created an empty zip file. What I have been testing so far: find /files/ -ctime +5 -printf "%TY-%Tm-%Td\n" | sort -u -r | tail -n+5 | xargs rm -R -ctime +5 = which files we want to expire created more than 5 days ago, -printf "%TY-%Tm-%Td\n" outputs the dates of the folders so we can sort them sort -u -r = sorting the output so we can do tail tail -n +5 = tail skips the 5 newest filegroups: grouped by date, not just 5 newest files Is this logic correct? I also need some kind of xarg to execute "rm -R" on the resultant list of "old backups". Thanks in advance!

I'm looking for a self-maintaining, non-payware Linux. Actually, it doesn't necessarily need to be Linux at all, as long as it runs PostgreSQL and PHP in a stable manner. Once installed, and PostgreSQL and PHP are on it, I want to never have to think about it existing again. I want it to automatically detect, download and install any system patches and updates to the installed programs. The only interaction I want to have with the machine is to SFTP into it, to transfer files to it, as if it were an account at some webhost rather than my own machine. Some reasons for me wanting this are: 1. Serious psychological stress/mental issues from 15+ years of babysitting servers. 2. Lack of money and trust to pay for a "managed" server. 3. Lack of trust to be able to pay for a webhost account. (Also, rarely any PostgreSQL support anyway, even if I could accept the risk.) 4. Physical control. 5. Several more practical issues which are important but hard to explain. Even besides all those reasons, wouldn't *anyone* want this unless your hobby is specifically to use a computer for the sake of using a computer? Please note that it doesn't count if there is some "optional mode" where it auto-updates, but which isn't reliable, and just breaks the server instead. If this is still not available, what exactly is the reason for this, other than "we want it to be difficult" or "ensuring work for administrators"? I consciously kept the requirement extremely basic, and don't involve a million weird and exotic software. PHP and PostgreSQL. The two basic tools in my toolbox. Hammer and saw, basically. Even just the stress alone from having to keep track of new updates/patches, and always be ready and able to log in and manually deal with it (what happens if I'm in an accident and wake up after an eight-month coma to find that my unpatched server is compromised?) would justify this a million times over in my mind. But coupled also with all the other reasons, such as people having no clue that you even *need* to update stuff (yes, this *is* really what the vast majority of people think about servers... myself included many years ago), I simply cannot understand how this is not a thing... if it isn't. It doesn't seem to be. Please prove me wrong. PS: I don't want to destroy this question by adding the further requirement that it has to run on my Raspberry Pi, but if it does, that is a huge bonus.

Is there any way to start a RAID array manually without rebooting after stopping it via mdadm -S?

After reading a paper about "First Chosen-Prefix Collision on SHA-1 and Application to the PGP Web of Trust ", I wonder how many SHA-1 keys are left in specific key rings. How to list all keys in a gpg key ring, which use SHA-1?

According to [this link](https://opensource.com/article/18/8/first-linux-kernel-patch) , when changes to the Linux source code are submitted, they are reviewed by a hierarchy of maintainers, eventually concluding with Linus himself. How does one become such a maintainer? (Context: I'm teaching a class about the basics of Linux and one of my students asked this, and I'm having trouble finding a satisfying answer online.)

I use Mint 19.2, and I try to see CPU backtrace by the following process. $ sudo -s # sysctl -w kernel.sysrq=1 # echo l > /proc/sysrq-trigger But, nothing happened. I researched more online and I tried the following input key check, and the response for the command was this. # dmesg | grep -i sysrq [18494.528450] sysrq: SysRq : Show backtrace of all active CPUs [18494.528496] sysrq_handle_showallcpus+0x17/0x20 [18494.528499] __handle_sysrq+0x9f/0x170 [18494.528502] sysrq_filter+0x98/0x3e0 Even when I tried echo h > /proc/sysrq-trigger, the result woundn't be displayed, either. But, dmesg | grep -i sysrq replied: [21964.365327] sysrq: SysRq : HELP : loglevel(0-9) reboot(b) crash(c) terminate-all-tasks(e) memory-full-oom-kill(f) kill-all-tasks(i) thaw-filesystems(j) sak(k) show-backtrace-all-active-cpus(l) show-memory-usage(m) nice-all-RT-tasks(n) poweroff(o) show-registers(p) show-all-timers(q) unraw(r) sync(s) show-task-states(t) unmount(u) force-fb(V) show-blocked-tasks(w) dump-ftrace-buffer(z) enter code here By these dmesg responses, I believe the OS, at least, recognizes a letter from echo command as a SysRq input. How can I have the OS display a result of echo l > /proc/sysrq-trigger on the current terminal?

I've been reading the recent blogpost ["Winding down my Debian involvement"](https://michael.stapelberg.ch/posts/2019-03-10-debian-winding-down/) by Michael Stapelberg. Sad details aside, it's been mentioned that within Debian infrastructure batch jobs run four times a day at XX:52 UTC: > When you want to make a package available in Debian, you upload GPG-signed files via anonymous FTP. There are several batch jobs (the queue daemon, unchecked, dinstall, possibly others) which run on fixed schedules (e.g. dinstall runs at 01:52 UTC, 07:52 UTC, 13:52 UTC and 19:52 UTC). Is there a reason to choose XX:**52** UTC exactly and not to use time rounded to the nearest hour, e.g 02:00, 08:00, 08:00 and 14:00? Should I also start my cron jobs slightly before the new hour starts, or this was a random choice by the Debian team?

My home server runs a couple of shell scripts regularly for maintenance tasks - mostly backup, but also other stuff. I would like to be alerted in case anything fails but also keep a log of when it works. Currently my setup looks like this: - Cron calls one shell script which calls other scripts (just so the one won't get too complex). I decided to use one script with many tasks instead of individual cron items as I don't know how long each will take and I don't want them to interfere with one another. - My cron setup contains a MAILTO line. I never get any errors. - I don't have any logging. I just check from time to time whether the backup actually exists. I know, I could implement into each script the functionality to log to a file (or syslog). Is there a way to define this from a central point so that I do not have to code this into every script individually? Not sure how to achieve a better monitoring. I think a log analyzer system would be too much for this. Someone suggested running the scripts through Jenkins instead of shell/cron, but that seems to be even more effort. What is a simple and good option?