Programs often store config files in the home directory usually in a hidden directory, often but not limited to sub-directories of ~/.config, ~/.local or ~/.gnome After uninstalling the programs, the config-files are still kept (which usually is preferred). Currently I look through the hidden directories of home from time to time, try to guess where the directories belong to, and delete them, if I'm not using the program anymore. But this is time-consuming and difficult/error-prone, because sometimes it's hard to guess, which program a directory belongs to. I wonder if there is tool or method that could help me here. (Similar to Bleachbit or CCleaner on Win, but afaik they don't have this functionality). **Is there an easy way to identify and remove orphaned config-directories of uninstalled software?** **Edit:** I'm using Arch and Ubuntu, but solutions for other distros would be interesting, too. The solution doesn't need to be a user friendly GUI-application (would be nice, though), a CLI command or script would work for me, too.

flatpak list shows me that I only have one app and Freedesktop.org Software Development Kit (probably dependency for that app; ca 900MB) installed with flatpak and flatpak uninstall --unused returns Nothing unused to uninstall but the size of /home/username/.local/share/flatpak/repo/objects/ is much larger than I would suspect (over 1.5 GB; there are many folders with two-char names with many .files with UID names). Can this folder be cleaned up somehow without uninstalling that app or flatpak? I'm using Debian11/KDE. Related question.

What are some generic ways to free up lots of storage space without deleting personal files? I'm doing a distro upgrade (Debian11->12) and it needs lots of disk space on the root partition / which doesn't have a large size and I'd like to keep all user files on that partition with few exceptions if needed. A prior upgrade failed in the middle of it because of the error No space left on device and required more disk space than what was displayed when running for example sudo apt-get full-upgrade. Running step-wise distro upgrades that each require less disk space is not yet possible. Generic ways would be deleting caches and old logs rather than moving or deleting user files such as media files. Please include explanations what these things delete.

I have seen seen people online use yay -Sc, but I have also seen people use yay -Scc What is the difference? There is a man page segment for yay -Sc: -Sc Yay will also clean cached AUR package and any untracked Files in the cache. Cleaning untracked files will wipe any downloaded sources or built packages but will keep already downloaded vcs sources. But nothing for yay -Scc.

I'm running Wordpress instance on top of a Linux GCP VM instance. In SSH, running cmd 'df -h' I see /dev/sda1 is 91% used up. I mounted sda1 to see what could be taking up all the space, but mounting it only shows 6GB. How can I find this other usage? Please help. I've keep expanding my Disk space on GCP. I started with the free tier 30GB, then pumped to 40GB. It keeps filling up and now I'm up to 50GB and I imagine it is only a matter of time till this fills up again. **UPDATE**: Seems I may have a mysql bin logging issue.

I'm about to back up some parts of my filesystem, including my home directory. I'm looking at $HOME/.cache, and wondering what I should do with it. I know that it's safe to just delete it altogether , but I also notice that most of the space is taken up by the web browser cache. So - of course not deleting caches meaning less time to recreate them, but is there some significant benefit which might make it worth it to keep some of the subdirectories of $HOME/.cache and just delete the browser cache (chromium and mozilla in my case)?

I'm going to securely erase the data on a HDD so that I can donate it. I use shred which is a specialized the tool for this puprose. So I run shred -vfz /dev/sdd1 and it does its job: shred: /dev/sdd1: pass 1/4 (random)... shred: /dev/sdd1: pass 1/4 (random)...652MiB/932GiB 0% shred: /dev/sdd1: pass 1/4 (random)...1,2GiB/932GiB 0% shred: /dev/sdd1: pass 1/4 (random)...1,8GiB/932GiB 0% shred: /dev/sdd1: pass 1/4 (random)...2,5GiB/932GiB 0% However it is painfully slow. After an hour or so, it still could not finish the first pass on a 1TB HDD. So I'm wondering what is the quicker way to do so without compromizing the security of data removal? P.S. I know that it also can be done using: dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sdd1 bs=4k But I'm wondering what will be the differnce in terms of security and speed.

I have a SSD with an Ubuntu system, but for some reason the disk space is full. Now it is impossible to enter the system normally. How can I release disk space and reenter the system normally? This is the display of output under the SSD home directory

Filesystem     1K-blocks     Used Available Use% Mounted on
udev             4003888        0   4003888   0% /dev
tmpfs             807824     3456    804368   1% /run
/dev/sda2       39110168 21066332  16027428  57% /
tmpfs            4039104        0   4039104   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs               5120        4      5116   1% /run/lock
tmpfs            4039104        0   4039104   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/loop1           128      128         0 100% /snap/bare/5
/dev/loop0        382848   382848         0 100% /snap/anbox/186
/dev/loop2        119552   119552         0 100% /snap/core/14399
/dev/loop3        119552   119552         0 100% /snap/core/14447
/dev/loop4         56960    56960         0 100% /snap/core18/2667
/dev/loop5         56960    56960         0 100% /snap/core18/2679
/dev/loop6         64768    64768         0 100% /snap/core20/1738
/dev/loop8         74752    74752         0 100% /snap/core22/484
/dev/loop7         64896    64896         0 100% /snap/core20/1778
/dev/loop11         8576     8576         0 100% /snap/evince/1017
/dev/loop9         74752    74752         0 100% /snap/core22/504
/dev/loop10        56448    56448         0 100% /snap/cups/872
/dev/loop12         5248     5248         0 100% /snap/evince/1020
/dev/loop13       168832   168832         0 100% /snap/gnome-3-28-1804/161
/dev/loop14       224256   224256         0 100% /snap/gnome-3-34-1804/72
/dev/loop15       224256   224256         0 100% /snap/gnome-3-34-1804/77
/dev/loop16       354688   354688         0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/115
/dev/loop22       180224   180224         0 100% /snap/musescore/228
/dev/loop23        14848    14848         0 100% /snap/simple-scan/785
/dev/loop17       354688   354688         0 100% /snap/gnome-3-38-2004/119
/dev/loop24        47104    47104         0 100% /snap/snap-store/638
/dev/loop21        83328    83328         0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1534
/dev/loop26        14208    14208         0 100% /snap/simple-scan/769
/dev/loop18       457088   457088         0 100% /snap/gnome-42-2204/44
/dev/loop19       463360   463360         0 100% /snap/gnome-42-2204/56
/dev/loop20        93952    93952         0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1535
/dev/loop25        47104    47104         0 100% /snap/snap-store/599
/dev/loop27        50816    50816         0 100% /snap/snapd/17883
/dev/loop28        51072    51072         0 100% /snap/snapd/17950
/dev/loop31       302848   302848         0 100% /snap/vlc/2344
/dev/loop32       328192   328192         0 100% /snap/vlc/3078
/dev/loop30       384128   384128         0 100% /snap/telegram-desktop/4486
/dev/loop29       384128   384128         0 100% /snap/telegram-desktop/4470
/dev/sda4       29398012 26514444   1367180  96% /home
/dev/sda1         495648    11408    484240   3% /boot/efi
tmpfs             807820       40    807780   1% /run/user/1000

sdb is the SSD

The main.cld file in /var/lib/clamav/ is over 400 MB in size and daily.cld is over 150 MB. Are these filesizes normal and can these files be made smaller somehow? For example, by deleting them and retrieving them again, via some update or by using compression. I'm using Debian11/KDE. ---- From the docs : >A CLD is the uncompressed ClamAV signature database archive. CLD files are created by FreshClam when a CVD or CLD database archive is updated with a CDIFF patch file. Is moving it to another partition and creating a symbolic link the only way? So far, I'm using that as a workaround, but people shouldn't be required to do this, especially not newcomers. I created the symbolic links like so (replace dir and username):

sudo mv /var/lib/clamav/main.cld /home/username/dir/main.cld
sudo mv /var/lib/clamav/daily.cld /home/username/dir/daily.cld
sudo ln -s /home/username/dir/daily.cld /var/lib/clamav/daily.cld
sudo ln -s /home/username/dir/main.cld /var/lib/clamav/main.cld

I run Yum update on CentOS and suddenly i got disk space hike on /dev/mapper/rootvg-root_lv [intor@alp-pp03 ~]$ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on devtmpfs 16G 0 16G 0% /dev tmpfs 16G 12K 16G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 16G 1.6G 15G 11% /run tmpfs 16G 0 16G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/rootvg-root_lv 6.9G 6.6G 286M 96% / /dev/sda1 488M 161M 292M 36% /boot /dev/mapper/rootvg-opt_lv 20G 12G 8.3G 58% /opt/wildfly /dev/mapper/rootvg-keycloak_lv 4.8G 636M 4.0G 14% /opt/keycloak /dev/mapper/rootvg-tmp_lv 8.8G 37M 8.8G 1% /tmp /dev/mapper/rootvg-data_lv 50G 53M 47G 1% /data /dev/mapper/rootvg-home_lv 997M 226M 772M 23% /home /dev/mapper/rootvg-var_lv 13G 1.8G 11G 14% /var /dev/mapper/rootvg-doc_lv 20G 3.6G 16G 19% /var/lib/docker 146.213.179.242:/prod01 484G 289G 196G 60% /shared When i try to go to that path : crw------- 1 root root 10, 236 Dec 9 2019 control lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-data_lv -> ../dm-8 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-doc_lv -> ../dm-6 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-home_lv -> ../dm-4 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-keycloak_lv -> ../dm-7 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-opt_lv -> ../dm-5 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-root_lv -> ../dm-0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Dec 9 2019 rootvg-swap_lv -> ../dm-1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-tmp_lv -> ../dm-2 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Aug 19 01:08 rootvg-var_lv -> ../dm-3 When i search to that path : brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 0 Aug 19 01:08 dm-0 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 1 Dec 9 2019 dm-1 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 2 Aug 19 01:08 dm-2 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 3 Aug 19 01:08 dm-3 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 4 Aug 19 01:08 dm-4 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 5 Aug 19 01:08 dm-5 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 6 Aug 19 01:08 dm-6 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 7 Aug 19 01:08 dm-7 brw-rw---- 1 root disk 253, 8 Aug 19 01:08 dm-8 I am not sure what to do and how to clean up that? That Root (/) shows : /]$ ls apps boot dev home lib64 mnt proc run shared sys usr bin data etc lib media opt root sbin srv tmp var VGS: /]$ vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree rootvg 2 9 0 wz--n- 129.49g <3.36g du -kx | sort -rn | less 524568 ./usr/lib/firmware 450228 ./usr/bin 433180 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net 433180 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track 431292 ./usr/openv/lib 424724 ./usr/share 365096 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.245.174.20220808-121330/linux-x86-64 364016 ./usr/lib/jvm 326584 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n 326584 ./usr/openv/java/vrts 310536 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.245.174.20220808-121330/linux-musl-x86-64 279424 ./usr/lib/modules 260984 ./usr/lib64 233548 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX 233548 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/alp-esb-app03 233548 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a 210576 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var 207204 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var/lib/docker 207204 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var/lib 199632 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX 199632 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/alp-esb-app03 199632 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a 191556 ./usr/openv/pdde 186936 ./usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-11.0.12.0.7-0.el7_9.x86_64 186316 ./usr/lib/jvm/java-11-openjdk-11.0.12.0.7-0.el7_9.x86_64/lib 177064 ./usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.302.b08-0.el7_9.x86_64 175404 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var 171872 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var/lib/docker 171872 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var/lib 157184 ./usr/openv/java/jre 155964 ./usr/openv/java/jre/lib 148276 ./usr/libexec 143096 ./usr/lib/firmware/netronome 135592 ./usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.302.b08-0.el7_9.x86_64/jre 135160 ./usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.302.b08-0.el7_9.x86_64/jre/lib 131416 ./usr/openv/netbackup/bin 124520 ./usr/share/locale 122672 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/lib64 118188 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64 118084 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 115464 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel 115360 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel 103660 ./usr/lib/locale 103532 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var/lib/docker/overlay 96984 ./usr/libexec/docker/cli-plugins 96984 ./usr/libexec/docker 94040 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared 93656 ./usr/src/kernels 93656 ./usr/src 85880 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/var/lib/docker/overlay 82372 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers 82348 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers 81792 ./usr/openv/lib/shared/vddk/lib64 81792 ./usr/openv/lib/shared/vddk 81792 ./usr/openv/lib/shared 79052 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.245.174.20220808-121330/linux-x86-32 78288 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdopensource 75124 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib 39560 ./usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.302.b08-0.el7_9.x86_64/jre/lib/amd64/server 38112 ./usr/lib/firmware/netronome/nic 36748 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python64/python3.8 36748 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python64 36728 ./usr/lib64/python2.7 36548 ./opt/VRTSpbx 35880 ./opt/VRTSpbx/lib 33800 ./usr/lib/firmware/amdgpu 33396 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.241.223.20220619-130723 32312 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64 31976 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/en/help 31976 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/en 31444 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/811000/en/help 31444 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/811000/en 31444 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/811000 30916 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/800000/en/help 30916 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/800000/en 30916 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/800000 30756 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/810000/en/help 30756 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/810000/en 30756 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/810000 30464 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/773000/en/help 30464 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/773000/en 30464 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/773000 29872 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/include 29304 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/771000/en/help 29304 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/771000/en 29304 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/771000 29196 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/772000/en/help 29196 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/772000/en 29196 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/772000 29164 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/770000/en/help 29164 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/770000/en 29164 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/770000 28852 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers 28348 ./usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.2 28348 ./usr/libexec/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux 28348 ./usr/libexec/gcc 28076 ./usr/openv/netbackup/sec/at 28076 ./usr/openv/netbackup/sec 27892 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.241.223.20220619-130723/linux-x86-64 26792 ./usr/lib/firmware/netronome/bpf 26024 ./usr/lib/firmware/intel 25228 ./usr/share/vim 25216 ./usr/share/vim/vim74 24876 ./usr/lib/firmware/liquidio 24240 ./usr/lib/firmware/qcom 23840 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python64/python3.8/config-3.8-x86_64-linux-gnu 23712 ./usr/openv/lib/java 22084 ./usr/share/perl5 21640 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/datasources 21568 ./etc 21384 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/lib 21172 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/750000/en/help 21172 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/750000/en 21172 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/750000 20708 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python3.8 20680 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/600000/en/help 20680 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/600000/en 20680 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/600000 20000 ./usr/lib/firmware/qed 19172 ./usr/lib/firmware/netronome/flower 18992 ./usr/openv/lib/vxfi 18984 ./usr/openv/lib/vxfi/providers 18916 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/bin 18832 ./usr/share/backgrounds 18624 ./usr/lib/firmware/qcom/sdm845 18464 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64/include 18408 ./usr/lib64/perl5 17992 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net 17984 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net 17836 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/alp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/_track_log_root_ 16924 ./usr/openv/netbackup/sec/at/lib 16736 ./usr/lib/firmware/brcm 16660 ./usr/openv/java/jre/lib/amd64/server 16512 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/710000/en/help 16512 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/710000/en 16512 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/710000 15864 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib/python2.7/site-packages/vpfs 15604 ./usr/openv/pdde/vpfs 15056 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/650000/en/help 15056 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/650000/en 15056 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/650000 15032 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/include/linux 14436 ./usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages 14436 ./usr/lib/python2.7 14384 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/bin/.bin 14348 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/ppp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/_track_log_root_ 14056 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/media 14052 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/media 13944 ./usr/openv/netbackup/bin/support 13904 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/datasources/prometheus 13756 ./usr/share/nmap 13556 ./usr/lib64/samba 12996 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/res/dsruntime/python3.10/lib/python3.10/lib-dynload 12904 ./usr/lib/udev 12892 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python64/python3.8/lib-dynload 12748 ./usr/lib64/dyninst 12732 ./usr/openv/lib/ost-plugins 12184 ./usr/lib/udev/hwdb.d 12176 ./usr/lib/firmware/ath10k 12160 ./usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl 12104 ./usr/share/doc/git-1.8.3.1 11808 ./usr/lib/firmware/dpaa2/mc 11808 ./usr/lib/firmware/dpaa2 11540 ./usr/lib/firmware/mellanox 11488 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/net 11420 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/net 11248 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/res/dsruntime/python3.10/lib/python3.10/site-packages 11120 ./usr/openv/lib/map 11096 ./usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages 11068 ./usr/openv/netbackup/sec/at/bin 10944 ./usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl/auto 10468 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/fs 10456 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/fs 10208 ./usr/share/man/man1 10080 ./usr/lib/firmware/bnx2x 10028 ./usr/openv/lib/map/rvp 10004 ./usr/lib/systemd 9940 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/700000/en/help 9940 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/700000/en 9940 ./usr/openv/java/vrts/nbvsm_l10n/700000 9700 ./usr/share/i18n 9660 ./usr/openv/pdde/vpfs/lib 9600 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/ppp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/opt 9580 ./usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl/auto/Encode 9296 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib/python2.7/site-packages/app 9196 ./usr/share/cracklib 9168 ./usr/include 9004 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet 9000 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet 8820 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/tools 8800 ./usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.8.2 8800 ./usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux 8800 ./usr/lib/gcc 8776 ./usr/share/man/man3 8760 ./usr/lib/firmware/i915 8732 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/tools/lib64 8704 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/scsi 8700 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/scsi 8700 ./usr/lib/firmware/mrvl 8680 ./etc/udev 8516 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64/include/linux 8404 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm 8404 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu 8404 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu/drm 8404 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/gpu 8400 ./usr/libexec/postfix 8320 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/res/dsruntime/python3.10/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip 8292 ./usr/openv/lib/ost-plugins/zapi 8020 ./usr/libexec/git-core 7940 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap103a/ppp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/opt/wildfly 7884 ./usr/share/hwdata 7880 ./usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.302.b08-0.el7_9.x86_64/jre/lib/ext 7768 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python3.8/site-packages 7732 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/datasources/statsd 7572 ./usr/lib/firmware/radeon 7556 ./usr/openv/java/jre/lib/ext 7556 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net 7492 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/sound 7492 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/sound 7464 ./usr/lib64/gconv 7412 ./usr/share/httpd 7084 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/drivers 7048 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/res/dsruntime/python3.10/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pip/_vendor 7040 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/arch 6988 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64 6852 ./usr/share/perl5/pod 6616 ./usr/lib/firmware/mediatek 6488 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless 6484 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/wireless 6404 ./usr/lib/gconv 6396 ./usr/share/i18n/locales 6380 ./usr/share/vim/vim74/lang 6320 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography 6232 ./etc/selinux 6224 ./etc/selinux/targeted 6180 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography/hazmat 6152 ./opt/DDMI 6112 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib/python2.7/site-packages/vpfs/livemount 5968 ./usr/share/vim/vim74/syntax 5896 ./usr/share/httpd/noindex 5880 ./usr/share/httpd/noindex/css 5836 ./usr/share/httpd/noindex/css/fonts 5708 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography/hazmat/bindings 5676 ./usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES 5676 ./usr/share/locale/de 5660 ./usr/share/perl5/unicore 5620 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.245.174.20220808-121330/any 5556 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdopensource/bin 5548 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python3.8/site-packages/pip 5544 ./usr/share/mime 5508 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdopensource/bin/.bin 5504 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.241.223.20220619-130723/any 5468 ./usr/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES 5468 ./usr/share/locale/uk 5424 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/sound/pci 5424 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/sound/pci 5336 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.231.288.20220218-170442/any 5336 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.231.288.20220218-170442 5336 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.231.284.20220209-201902/any 5336 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.231.284.20220209-201902 5336 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.231.245.20220112-085307/any 5336 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.231.245.20220112-085307 5320 ./usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES 5320 ./usr/share/locale/es 5316 ./usr/share/microcode_ctl/ucode_with_caveats 5316 ./usr/share/microcode_ctl 5304 ./usr/openv/pdde/pdshared/lib/python2.7/site-packages/vpfs/actions 5300 ./usr/share/fonts 5296 ./usr/share/fonts/dejavu 5288 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.229.195.20211211-144136/any 5288 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.229.195.20211211-144136 5248 ./usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES 5248 ./usr/share/locale/fr 5240 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.227.157.20211116-102348/any 5240 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.227.157.20211116-102348 5220 ./usr/share/zoneinfo 5204 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.225.159.20211013-185604/any 5204 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.225.159.20211013-185604 5140 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.223.123.20210929-151009/any 5140 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.223.123.20210929-151009 5140 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.223.105.20210824-140926/any 5140 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.223.105.20210824-140926 5128 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/include/uapi 5120 ./usr/share/info 5048 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.221.132.20210728-085542/any 5048 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/bin/1.221.132.20210728-085542 5040 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/plugins 4924 ./usr/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES 4924 ./usr/share/locale/sv 4840 ./usr/share/dict 4832 ./usr/share/microcode_ctl/ucode_with_caveats/intel 4820 ./usr/share/microcode_ctl/ucode_with_caveats/intel/intel-ucode 4796 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/media/usb 4796 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/media/usb 4724 ./usr/share/man/overrides 4704 ./usr/share/man/man3p 4648 ./usr/lib/firmware/cxgb4 4628 ./usr/share/man/man8 4576 ./usr/lib/kbd 4528 ./usr/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES 4528 ./usr/share/locale/ru 4436 ./usr/include/linux 4412 ./usr/openv/pdde/vpfs/bin 4376 ./usr/share/doc/gcc-4.8.5 4332 ./opt/dynatrace/oneagent/agent/plugin/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor 4264 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/media 4248 ./usr/openv/netbackup/track/nofetnbma100.cosng.net/nofetnbap102a/ppp-esb-app03/EVRY-FILE-LAN-UNIX/opt 4236 ./usr/openv/pdde/vpfs/bin/.bin 4228 ./usr/src/kernels/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/include/uapi/linux 4196 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet 4168 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-1160.42.2.el7.x86_64/kernel/net 4160 ./usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES 4160 ./usr/share/locale/pl 4000 ./usr/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES 4000 ./usr/share/locale/ja 3984 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/infiniband 3984 ./usr/lib/modules/3.10.0-327.28.3.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/infiniband 3980 ./usr/share/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES 3980 ./usr/share/locale/zh_CN 3920 ./usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES 3920 ./usr/share/locale/vi and much more... TREE: /]$ tree -LP 1 /dev/mapper/rootvg-root_lv . ├── apps ├── boot ├── data ├── dev ├── etc ├── home ├── media ├── mnt ├── opt ├── proc ├── root ├── run ├── shared ├── srv ├── sys ├── tmp ├── usr └── var 18 directories, 0 files

I'd like to later check if there is a way / software to easily scan logs for issues one should look into² and if such exists scan all logs, including old logs. This is why for now I'd like to keep the logs of my Debian11/KDE machine rather than just delete them or set a datastorage-limit with e.g. journalctl --vacuum-size=500M. As they're taking lots of disk space on the small root partition, I'd like to move them. **How can I move the log files to another partition (on another drive that isn't always mounted) without causing problems with the ongoing logging and read these logs also from there?** I hope that at some point the above can be carried out within a GUI, preferably KSystemLog, which reads and shows the journal logs from the location they have been move to and the current location on the root partition. ---- So far these two options don't seem to be appropriate as is:

sudo cp /var/log/kern.log /media/..../kern.log
sudo truncate -s 0 /var/log/kern.log

The above would copy the file elsewhere and then truncate the local file, but this doesn't seem to be a good way that allows properly reading the logs etc.

service rsyslog stop
mv /var/log/audit /home/
ln -s /home/audit /var/log/audit
service rsyslog start

The above would create a symbolic link which could be a good approach if the partition was always mounted. ---- (Other related questions that this question is not about would be how to enable limitless logging but at the same time prevent for example many duplicate messages from inflating the logs' file-sizes and which configured-by-default software can to date already smartly scan logs.) ² for example all entries with the type "error", or summaries that combine many similar log entries, or most frequent log-entries, or messages known to be actual problems, or intrusion-attempts, or all security-issue-related entries, ...

/var/tmp is not defined in POSIX, but is defined in FHS : 5.15. /var/tmp : Temporary files preserved between system reboots 5.15.1. Purpose The /var/tmp directory is made available for programs that require temporary files or directories that are preserved between system reboots. Therefore, data stored in /var/tmp is more persistent than data in /tmp. Files and directories located in /var/tmp must not be deleted when the system is booted. Although data stored in /var/tmp is typically deleted in a site-specific manner, it is recommended that deletions occur at a less frequent interval than /tmp. This is a very difficult definition for real life situations. A package does not use /tmp, because the files should not be deleted on reboot for some reason. If a package fails to cleanup its remains in /tmp the distribution/admin can safely clean at reboot. When and how should we clean up /var/tmp? What can packages and software developers expect from /var/tmp? Do we have to clean /var/tmp after n reboots? (see also https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/86297/what-can-go-wrong-if-var-tmp-is-on-a-temporary-filesystem and https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/30489/what-is-the-difference-between-tmp-and-var-tmp)

I use Fedora and these directories contains a large amount of files, I wonder whether I can delete them? The system is running low on space.

I needed to remove some files in / and I noticed I have a folder /home/myusername in /usr/share whereas no such folder appear when I list the directoty, symbolik link or else in /usr/share. What could be the cause ? Here is my config : :-----------/shhOHbmp---:\ OS: Fedora release 32 (Thirty Two) x86_64 /-----------omMMMNNNMMD ---: Host: HP EliteBook 840 G5 :-----------sMMMMNMNMP. ---: Kernel: 5.8.4-200.fc32.x86_64 :-----------:MMMdP------- ---\ Uptime: 3 hours, 51 mins ,------------:MMMd-------- ---: Packages: 7623 (rpm) :------------:MMMd------- .---: Shell: zsh 5.8 :---- oNMMMMMMMMMNho .----: Resolution: 1920x1080 :-- .+shhhMMMmhhy++ .------/ DE: Plasma :- -------:MMMd--------------: WM: KWin :- --------/MMMd-------------; Theme: Breeze Dark [Plasma], Adwaita [GTK2] :- ------/hMMMy------------: Icons: breeze-dark [Plasma], breeze-dark [GTK2/3] :-- :dMNdhhdNMMNo------------; Terminal: konsole :---:sdNMMMMNds:------------: Terminal Font: Monospace 11 :------:://:-------------:: CPU: Intel i7-8550U (8) @ 4.000GHz :---------------------:// GPU: Intel UHD Graphics 620 Memory: 4511MiB / 7798MiB

The thing is /home has only used 11GB whereas /var uses 14GB, /temp 11GB and /swapfile 2.4GB Can I safely do sudo rm * in the last three directories? Contents from sudo du /var | sort -n | tail -20 679376 /var/snap/microk8s/common/run 683324 /var/lib/docker/overlay2/3ecccaf38f1f0837b174563be1ce108c862264359047750fd3daceae9a015182/diff/usr 683424 /var/lib/docker/overlay2/2313ac4c63c3915860ed097576334e5167ca94569ebfafd585f30d456dd1e33b/diff/usr 735748 /var/lib/docker/overlay2/3ecccaf38f1f0837b174563be1ce108c862264359047750fd3daceae9a015182/diff 735756 /var/lib/docker/overlay2/3ecccaf38f1f0837b174563be1ce108c862264359047750fd3daceae9a015182 735840 /var/lib/docker/overlay2/2313ac4c63c3915860ed097576334e5167ca94569ebfafd585f30d456dd1e33b/diff 735848 /var/lib/docker/overlay2/2313ac4c63c3915860ed097576334e5167ca94569ebfafd585f30d456dd1e33b 879292 /var/snap/microk8s/common/var/lib/containerd 954104 /var/snap/microk8s/common/var/lib 1161476 /var/snap/microk8s/common/var 1451924 /var/lib/docker/volumes 1840856 /var/snap/microk8s/common 1878948 /var/snap/microk8s 1879156 /var/snap 2923700 /var/lib/snapd/snaps 3967480 /var/lib/snapd 4971824 /var/lib/docker/overlay2 6437580 /var/lib/docker 10813292 /var/lib 12804788 /var

One can select testing packages on a gentoo stable system by adding a line with the following syntax to keywords list: cat /etc/portage/package.keywords =dev-python/ipython-0.13.2 ~amd64 # and many lines later =dev-python/ipython-0.14.1 ~amd64 # and many lines later >=dev-python/ipython-0.13.4 ~amd64 This file will grow within the time and sooner or later one can not remember which lines are obsolete. **How can I tidy up the list with a script from time to time?** A line should be deleted, * if the testing version is already stabilized * >= was used for the same package * = was used for the same package with smaller version number

I installed Linux Mint on my desktop in place of Windows 10. I am used to having virus/malware Scanners, defragmenters, Disk Clean up tools etc. I was wondering if people here would be able to recommend similar tools for the Linux OS. With regards to viruses I am taking the better safe than sorry approach as I have seen from my research that virus scanners are not entirely necessary on Linux however, I use my computer to run my online business and would rather not take any chances. I would like to keep my computer running with good performance for as long as i possibly can **Addition** Another query I had is based around Wine With this running as a virtual environment, designed to emulate that of a windows machine. should I be worried about viruses on there? can it contract the same viruses as a windows device?

import java.io.*; class B_13 { public static void main(String[] args)throws Antifundamentalist,UnsupportedEncodingException { File file = new File("/rr"); String[] myFiles; int count = 0; if(file.isDirectory()) { myFiles=file.list(); for(int i=0;iFile file = new File("/rr"); I made an rr folder in home directory and added some files but it did not delete those either.

For some reason I have installed a lot of packages on my Linux distros (Fedora/CentOS/Debian/Ubuntu/Arch/...). Some of them are only for one-time use. But they will be included for upgrade whenever I run a full system upgrade with the package manager. In this case, those one-time packages simply waste time and bandwidth because they are actually not needed any more. Therefore I want to figure out what they are exactly and remove them. I know some package managers allow you to install packages as dependencies so that they can be automatically removed when their downstream packages are removed. But sometimes I forget to add this option when installing packages, and some of those packages are installed by scripts which didn't use the *as-dependency* option. So the current situation is, I don't know which packages are no longer in use. I think one way to identify these packages is to track the last access time of package files. But I'm not aware of a method to do so using any of the popular package managers (dnf/yum/apt/pacman/...). Does any of them have such a functionality or similar functionality which allows me to identify and remove those one-time packages? A cumbersome way of doing so is to get a full list of files for all packages and sort by their access time. But before I do this I'd like to make sure I'm not reinventing the wheels (i.e. making something a package manager already has).

I recently reinstalled CentOS 7 on a lab/development machine. I wanted to keep the /home partition from the previous installation, so I manually configured the partitioning to allow me to do that. In the process, I accidentally _also_ kept the previous installation's /boot partition. After installation was successful, I have a very busy Grub2 boot screen. In addition to my "new" clean CentOS install, all of my old kernel images appear in the boot screen: CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core) CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core) CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core) <--- this is the new/reinstalled OS CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64.debug) 7 (Core) CentOS Linux (0-rescue-7859fc0fbe934b91b11ea69046b5d787) 7 (Core) CentOS Linux (0-rescue-6c92bef5457049e5a42e5609c540d753) 7 (Core) CentOS Linux (0-rescue-e7a05dc4cdda4e778a344945ef1ed391) 7 (Core) Simply running package-cleanup won't work, because there is really only one kernel installed (as far as the new OS is concerned): $ package-cleanup --oldkernels --count=1 No old kernels to remove $ uname -r 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 $ rpm -qa kernel* kernel-debug-devel-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64 kernel-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 kernel-headers-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64 kernel-tools-libs-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 kernel-tools-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 Thus, I don't believe this is a dupe of regular "how do I clean up my /boot partition?" questions (such as https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/233597/how-do-i-safely-delete-old-kernel-versions-in-centos-7) Normally I'd be fine with just dealing with a messy Grub2 menu, but my /boot partition only has 11 MiB left, so I'm unable to update my kernel. I'm not sure what is safe to delete from the /boot partition. How do I clean it up when package-cleanup won't?