We have an old physical machine with *Ubuntu distro 20.04* and that physical machine has a total of

/root partition

and

as swap memory

. We have currently utilized up to 45GB. We want to create a bootable ISO image from that current installation. Also, we tried to create an image using the below packages. While running these packages, we are facing an error -- “filesystem.squashfs size exceeds more than 4GB”. Then we verified that the filesystem file consumes more than 8GB. So that, we cannot able to create an image file. Is there any other package/tool to create an image from the current installation? Thanks! 1.remastersys – respin - https://itectec.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-build-the-own-ubuntu-iso/ 2.distroshare image builder - https://github.com/Distroshare/distroshare-ubuntu-imager

I know that, in Debian parlance, a "suite" is something that contains and/or is associated with several "distributions". Does this relationship have a formal definition? If so, where can I find it documented?

I'm working on a simple bash script that should be able to run on Ubuntu and CentOS distributions (support for Debian and Fedora/RHEL would be a plus) and I need to know the name and version of the distribution the script is running (in order to trigger specific actions, for instance the creation of repositories). So far what I've got is this: OS=$(awk '/DISTRIB_ID=/' /etc/*-release | sed 's/DISTRIB_ID=//' | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]') ARCH=$(uname -m | sed 's/x86_//;s/i[3-6]86/32/') VERSION=$(awk '/DISTRIB_RELEASE=/' /etc/*-release | sed 's/DISTRIB_RELEASE=//' | sed 's/[.]0/./') if [ -z "$OS" ]; then OS=$(awk '{print $1}' /etc/*-release | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]') fi if [ -z "$VERSION" ]; then VERSION=$(awk '{print $3}' /etc/*-release) fi echo $OS echo $ARCH echo $VERSION This *seems* to work, returning ubuntu or centos (I haven't tried others) as the release name. However, I have a feeling that there must be an easier, more reliable way of finding this out -- is that true? It doesn't work for RedHat. /etc/redhat-release contains : Redhat Linux Entreprise release 5.5 So, the version is not the third word, you'd better use : OS_MAJOR_VERSION=sed -rn 's/.*([0-9])\.[0-9].*/\1/p' /etc/redhat-release OS_MINOR_VERSION=sed -rn 's/.*[0-9].([0-9]).*/\1/p' /etc/redhat-release echo "RedHat/CentOS $OS_MAJOR_VERSION.$OS_MINOR_VERSION"

Is there a way (from a script) to identify the default system package manager? To clarify, what I want to do is run a given command and, on Debian or any of its derivatives it'll return something like "apt", on openSUSE it'll return "zypp", on Fedora et al it'll return "yum", on Arch Linux it'll return "pacman" etc. I know I can do this with something like the following, I just wondered if there was a more robust method that won't break as soon as there is an executable with the same name. which apt >/dev/null 2>&1 if [ $? -eq 0 ] then echo "apt" fi # etc...

Are there any x86 security distributions like Kali Linux or better them based on Ubuntu?

I've got a few, quite silly, non-technical questions about giving codenames to Debian releases. Each Debian release has its unique codename, which is (so far) a characters' name from Toy Story movies by Pixar . Here is list of all assigned codenames so far: - release **1.1** is buzz (Buzz Lightyear) - the spaceman, - release **1.2** is rex - the tyrannosaurus, - release **1.3.x** is bo (Bo Peep) - the girl who took care of the sheep, - release **2.0** is hamm - the piggy bank, - release **2.1** is slink (Slinky Dog) - the toy dog, - release **2.2** is potato - Mr. Potato, - release **3.0** is woody - the cowboy, - release **3.1** is sarge - the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men, - release **4.0** is etch - the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch), - release **5.0** is lenny - the toy binoculars, - release **6.0** is squeeze - the name for the three-eyed aliens, - release **7.0** is wheezy - the name of the rubber toy penguin with a red bow tie, - release **8.0** is jessie - the name of the yodelling cowgirl, - release **9.0** is stretch - a purple rubbery octopus toy at Sunnyside Daycare , - release **10.0** is buster - Andy 's pet dachshund, - release **11.0** is bullseye - Woody 's horse, - release **12.0** is bookworm - an intelligent worm toy with a built-in flashlight (currently *stable* ), List of upcoming major Debian releases' codenames after bullseye : - release **13.0** is trixie - a blue plastic Triceratops (currently *testing* ), - release **14.0** is forky - a sentient spork created by Bonnie who initially believes he is trash, but eventually accepts his role as Bonnie's new favorite toy. There are also: - special codename sid (**S**till **I**n **D**evelopment ) which is symbolic link to codename which is currently *unstable*, - *stable* which is symbolic link to codename which is currently stable, - *testing* which is symbolic link to codename which is currently testing. The list of *Toy Story* characters is quite robust but at some time, there will be no more characters' names to assign. My questions are: - What codenames will be assigned if we run out of characters' names? - Who decides what is codename of next release (please don't answer ambiguously like: *'community'*)? - How many releases' names are planned ahead? BTW: Interesting quote from debian.org/doc/manuals : > The decision of using Toy Story names was made by Bruce Perens who > was, at the time, the Debian Project Leader and was working also at > Pixar , the company that produced the movies. Infographics by Claudio Ferreira Filho (@filhocf) (license : CC BY-SA 4.0 ).

Apologies if this is a stoopid question. With some effort I have managed to install openSUSE Leap 15.3 on my laptop. As you may know 15.3 is rather different to earlier releases in that it apparently "uses binaries from" SLE 15 SP3. Unfortunately, another difference appears to be that many packages which were there all the way up to 15.2 appear to be missing, I've seen the line [There is no official package available for openSUSE Leap 15.3](https://software.opensuse.org/package/llvm) (this example is llvm) way more often than I care. So my question: Is it generally possible / safe to use SLE 15 SP3 repositories instead? (I see that one of the automatic update repositories is indeed SLE.) I daren't simply try for fear of damaging my system.

I followed the guide from this page https://wiki.debian.org/DebianUpgrade to upgrade my Debian distribution. Everything went well until the final full-upgrade and a dependency hell broke, as follows.

$ sudo apt-get full-upgrade
[sudo] password for karim: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 girepository-tools : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (= 2.82.4-1) but it is not installed
 gnome-system-monitor : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 kwayland-integration : Depends: libqt5core5t64 (>= 5.15.2~) but it is not installed
                        Depends: libqt5gui5t64 (>= 5.15.2~) but it is not installed or
                                 libqt5gui5-gles (>= 5.15.2~) but it is not installed
                        Depends: qtbase-abi-5-15-15
                        Depends: qtwayland-client-abi-5-15-15
 libadwaita-1-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libalgorithm-diff-xs-perl : Depends: perl (>= 5.40.0-6) but 5.36.0-7+deb12u1 is installed
                             Depends: perlapi-5.40.0
 libappstream5 : Depends: libcurl3t64-gnutls (>= 7.63.0) but it is not installed
                 Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libatkmm-1.6-1v5 : Depends: libatk1.0-0t64 (>= 2.12.0) but it is not installed
                    Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.34.0) but it is not installed
 libc-bin : Depends: libc6 (= 2.68.0) but it is not installed
 libcairo2 : Depends: libpng16-16t64 (>= 1.6.2) but it is not installed
 libcrypt-dev : Depends: libcrypt1 (= 1:4.4.33-2) but 1:4.4.36-5 is installed
 libedataserver-1.2-27t64 : Depends: libcamel-1.2-64t64 (>= 3.53.2) but it is not installed
                            Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.68.0) but it is not installed
 libgck-2-2 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libgcr-4-4 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libgio-2.0-dev : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (= 2.82.4-1) but it is not installed
                  Recommends: libgio-2.0-dev-bin (= 2.82.4-1)
                  Recommends: libglib2.0-bin (= 2.82.4-1)
 libgirepository-2.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (= 2.82.4-1) but it is not installed
 libglib2.0-dev : Depends: libglib2.0-bin (= 2.82.4-1)
 libglib2.0-dev-bin : Depends: libgio-2.0-dev-bin (= 2.82.4-1)
 libglibmm-2.4-1t64 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.62.0) but it is not installed
 libglibmm-2.68-1t64 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.82) but it is not installed
 libgnome-autoar-0-0 : Depends: libarchive13t64 (>= 3.4.0) but it is not installed
                       Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libgnome-bg-4-2t64 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libgnome-desktop-4-2t64 : Depends: gnome-desktop3-data (>= 44.1-1) but 43.2-2 is installed
                           Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libgnome-rr-4-2t64 : Depends: gnome-desktop3-data (>= 44.1-1) but 43.2-2 is installed
                      Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libgs10 : Depends: libcups2t64 (>= 2.3~b6) but it is not installed
           Depends: libpng16-16t64 (>= 1.6.2) but it is not installed
 libgtk-4-1 : Depends: libcups2t64 (>= 1.7.0) but it is not installed
              Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
              Depends: libpng16-16t64 (>= 1.6.2) but it is not installed
              Recommends: libgtk-4-media-gstreamer
 libgtkmm-4.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.44.0) but it is not installed
 libgtop-2.0-11 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libgudev-1.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libharfbuzz-gobject0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.14.0) but it is not installed
 libharfbuzz0b : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.32.0) but it is not installed
 libical3t64 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libngtcp2-crypto-gnutls8 : Depends: libgnutls30t64 (>= 3.8.2) but it is not installed
 libnm0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.44.0) but it is not installed
          Depends: libgnutls30t64 (>= 3.7.2) but it is not installed
 libnsl2 : Depends: libtirpc3t64 (>= 1.0.2) but it is not installed
 libpam-systemd : Depends: systemd (= 252.30-1~deb12u2)
 libpango-1.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libpangocairo-1.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libpangoft2-1.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libpangomm-1.4-1v5 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.34.0) but it is not installed
 libpangomm-2.48-1t64 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.34.0) but it is not installed
 libpangoxft-1.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libpng-dev : Depends: libpng16-16t64 (= 1.6.44-3) but it is not installed
 libqt5quick5 : Depends: libqt5core5t64 (>= 5.15.1) but it is not installed
                Depends: libqt5gui5t64 (>= 5.1.0) but it is not installed
                Depends: libqt5gui5t64 (>= 5.15.1) but it is not installed or
                         libqt5gui5-gles (>= 5.15.1) but it is not installed
                Depends: libqt5network5t64 (>= 5.15.1) but it is not installed
                Depends: qtbase-abi-5-15-15
                Depends: qtdeclarative-abi-5-15-15
 librtmp1 : Depends: libgnutls30t64 (>= 3.8.1) but it is not installed
            Depends: libhogweed6t64 but it is not installed
            Depends: libnettle8t64 but it is not installed
 libsoup-2.4-1 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.62.0) but it is not installed
 libsoup-3.0-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libsoup-gnome-2.4-1 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.38.0) but it is not installed
 libssl-dev : Depends: libssl3 (= 3.0.14-1~deb12u2)
 libtirpc-dev : Depends: libtirpc3t64 (= 1.3.4+ds-1.3+b1) but it is not installed
 libtotem-plparser18 : Depends: libarchive13t64 (>= 3.0.4) but it is not installed
                       Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 libwireplumber-0.5-0 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.68) but it is not installed
                        Depends: libpipewire-0.3-0t64 (>= 1.1.81) but it is not installed
 libxmlb2 : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.54.0) but it is not installed
 locales : Depends: libc-bin (> 2.40)
 mutter-common-bin : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.80.0) but it is not installed
 network-manager : Depends: libcurl3t64-gnutls (>= 7.24.0) but it is not installed
                   Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.68.0) but it is not installed
                   Depends: libgnutls30t64 (>= 3.7.2) but it is not installed
                   Depends: libreadline8t64 (>= 6.0) but it is not installed
 openssh-sftp-server : Depends: openssh-client (= 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u3)
 pavucontrol : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.32.0) but it is not installed
 pipewire : Depends: pipewire-bin (= 0.3.65-3+deb12u1)
 pipewire-bin : Depends: libpipewire-0.3-modules (= 1.2.7-1) but 0.3.65-3+deb12u1 is installed
                Depends: libasound2t64 (>= 1.2.5) but it is not installed
                Depends: libpipewire-0.3-0t64 (= 1.2.7-1) but it is not installed
                Depends: libreadline8t64 (>= 6.0) but it is not installed
 pipewire-pulse : Depends: pipewire (= 1.2.7-1) but 0.3.65-3+deb12u1 is installed
 python3 : PreDepends: python3-minimal (= 3.11.2-1+b1) but 3.12.6-1 is installed
 qml-module-qtqml : Depends: libqt5core5t64 (>= 5.15.1) but it is not installed
                    Depends: qtdeclarative-abi-5-15-15
 qml-module-qtquick-dialogs : Depends: libqt5qml5 (>= 5.15.15+dfsg~) but 5.15.8+dfsg-3 is installed
                              Depends: libqt5core5t64 (>= 5.15.15+dfsg~) but it is not installed
                              Depends: libqt5gui5t64 (>= 5.15.15+dfsg~) but it is not installed or
                                       libqt5gui5-gles (>= 5.15.15+dfsg~) but it is not installed
                              Depends: qtbase-abi-5-15-15
                              Depends: qtdeclarative-abi-5-15-15
 samba-common-bin : Depends: samba-common (= 2:4.17.12+dfsg-0+deb12u1) but 2:4.21.2+dfsg-3 is installed
 vlc-plugin-base : Depends: vlc-data (= 3.0.21-0+deb12u1) but 3.0.21-2 is installed
 wget : Depends: libgnutls30t64 (>= 3.8.1) but it is not installed
        Depends: libnettle8t64 but it is not installed
 wireplumber : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.68) but it is not installed
               Depends: libpipewire-0.3-0t64 (>= 1.0.2) but it is not installed
               Depends: pipewire (>= 1.0.2) but 0.3.65-3+deb12u1 is installed
 x11-apps : Depends: libpng16-16t64 (>= 1.6.2) but it is not installed
 xdg-desktop-portal : Depends: libglib2.0-0t64 (>= 2.70.0) but it is not installed
                      Depends: libpipewire-0.3-0t64 (>= 0.3.1) but it is not installed
 xwayland : Depends: libtirpc3t64 (>= 1.0.2) but it is not installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

I don't have backups of my system. Is there a chance I can save my system, even if it needs an intricate surgery?

I am having trouble understanding Linux executable formats and software distribution packages. There are so many different distributions of Linux itself, and it seems like every software package has been compiled separately for each distro. Why is this? I understand that some "packages" are made to install on different distros, but is the executable format for the software different? Also, why do many Linux users prefer the command prompt versions of applications vs GUI versions? I can understand the need for small footprints, but even GUI apps can have small footprints if they're coded right.

I had been using Arch Linux 64 bit on a Gateway P6860FX for about two years, and recently switched to Ubuntu (also 64 bit). When I type on the keyboard, my left hand feels a lot more warmth than before, and the air coming out of the exhaust port is definitely hotter. (Odd, right now there's no extra heat at all...but anyway...) Only minutes ago did I discover there are ways to monitor the CPU temperature. I have no idea what it was for Arch, but on Ubuntu it's 60-something, rising to 88 when I run heavy number-crunching software for a few minutes. There are good Q&As on this and Superuser on cleaning out dust, and ways to help the computer stay cool. My question is: *why* would one linix distro run hotter than another? Is there some daemon running in one and not the other, or some device driver difference, or perhaps one but not the other sets the "run really hot" bit in the CPU's mode register, or what? Can knowing this answer help me select the next distro to try? Given several candidate distros that are both 64 bit and meet various requirements, can we predict which ones are going to make this machine run hot?

I am currently looking for a website or a tool that would allow me to compare the package state of a particular software in different Linux distributions. For instance, which version of gimp is provided by Mint, Ubuntu, Debian Sid and Fedora 18? An immediate interest would be to be able to avoid reinventing the wheel when packaging software (for instance re-use patches from other distros).

I need some help, because when I boot my initramfs.img and my bzImage in qemu it boots normally. but then it just goes:

[   34.354852] dracut: FATAL: iscsiroot requested but kernel/initrd does not support iscsi
[   34.355624] dracut: Refusing to continue
[   35.141451] systemd-shutdown: Syncing filesystems and block devices.
[   35.163823] systemd-shutdown: Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes...
[   35.285640] systemd-journald: Received SIGTERM from PID 1 (systemd-shutdow).
[   35.324915] systemd-shutdown: Sending SIGKILL to remaining processes...
[   35.406544] systemd-shutdown: Unmounting file systems.
[   35.441251] (sd-remount): Remounting '/' read-only with options ''.
[   35.449361] systemd-shutdown: All filesystems unmounted.
[   35.451380] systemd-shutdown: Deactivating swaps.
[   35.454930] systemd-shutdown: All swaps deactivated.
[   35.455640] systemd-shutdown: Detaching loop devices.
[   35.524419] systemd-shutdown: All loop devices detached.
[   35.525318] systemd-shutdown: Stopping MD devices.
[   35.529567] systemd-shutdown: All MD devices stopped.
[   35.530470] systemd-shutdown: Detaching DM devices.
[   35.533332] systemd-shutdown: All DM devices detached.
[   35.534460] systemd-shutdown: All filesystems, swaps, loop devices, MD devices and DM devices detached.
[   35.542995] systemd-shutdown: Syncing filesystems and block devices.
[   35.549628] systemd-shutdown: Powering off.
[   35.780425] ACPI: PM: Preparing to enter system sleep state S5
[   35.782275] reboot: Power down

I've recompiled the kernel with and without iscsi transport, I've remade the initramfs with dracut (with and without iscsi modules). Could someone help me?

I'm trying to find a way to determine Linux distribution name and version that would work on most (or ideally, all) modern distributions. I noticed that /etc/os-release contains the info I need on the distributions I tried (CentOS, Debian), but how safe is it to rely on the presence of it? Commands such as uname -a don't really contain the same info, and lsb_release is apparently not present on e.g. minimal CentOS. Is there a quick way to find out exactly what distros come with /etc/os-release? Moreover, is /etc/os-release guaranteed to contain NAME, VERSION and PRETTY_NAME fields?

I know about Linux terminal. I can also issue many advanced commands over terminal. But one simple concept is not clear to me. What is terminal and how does it work? I know about hardware which consists of CPU, RAM, HARD DISK and so on. I know about kernel which is basically the core of the operating system. I know about software which sits on the top of kernel. And I know about users. And I know that user uses either terminal or GUI to give instructions to the software.(or kernel?) Now please explain these concepts of terminal and shell. **Graphical explanation and simple non-technical words are preferable.**

I wanna install multiple linux distro (Ubuntu, Fedora, Manjaro, Opensusue, etc) via virtual machine (qemu) with shared /home partition for testing purposes, which i'm not gonna install anything big or lot of thing inside root partition. What is the minimum size or recommended size of root partition of each linux distro for this type of usage?

Is there a Linux distro compiled with [clang/llvm](http://clang.llvm.org/) ? It looks like as of late 2010 the kernel was working. If not, would it be more likely to be a technical or licensing issue?

You might have read about the backdoor that was released with the xz command (versions 5.6.0 and 5.6.1). A malevolent committer gained the trust of his maintainer, and achieved to insert at build time some code that [is targeting sshd and creates a backdoor](https://gist.github.com/thesamesam/223949d5a074ebc3dce9ee78baad9e27) . Other .o files of any Linux distribution can be also affected with the same kind of backdoor. What a malevolent committer has successfully done here, he can have done it elsewhere. And maybe years ago... How should the designers of a Linux distribution, if they are willing to to wipe out such backdoor, should proceed to find any corrupted executable of this kind (made by a diverted build process)? At this moment, the ways I see are: 1. to check every build process of every Linux command created: it's a lot of git repository to check, I think 2. but also, disassemble every existing .o file and have a look to their assembly code, to see if it's coherent with what that executable is supposed to do. What other ways should they use to hunt down this backdoor everywhere it can be?

i'm confused as to what is classified as Unix distro vs Linux distro. Or is it same? aka ubuntu is both Linux and Unix distro and there is no difference? Unix is much older than Linux , was created in 60-70s; Linux is based on Unix and showed up in 90s. is ubuntu and Debian both Unix and Linux distros? or they stem from different things?

I need to download all installed packages of my current distribution. I am going to need only packages that either were updated or installed **after** fresh installation. (I prefer not to download packages that were installed by default) ### Motivation I am trying to make a repository of my currently installed packages, and move that repository to another computer which is located in somewhere with unstable radio link (so I can't download the packages). And I know how to make a repository using reprepro and I know how to download packages without installing them. Howewer the problem is to find which packages have been installed or updated. Distribution: Kubuntu 17.10 Package Manager: apt, dpkg

What is the difference between X-server, Wayland and Mir? I know X-server is a display server, but what is the role of Wayland and Mir?