How to transfer files from semi-bricked Android via ADB?

I have a OnePlus Nord and recently updated to Android 12. After a few days, my phone screen suddenly became black and the phone was vibrating on its own. I tried restarting it, it turns on, but shows a black screen and is still vibrating. I do not wish to format it as it contains many important data, and I forgot to take a backup while updating. But due to luck and a software bug, it has ADB enabled, and it doesn't require confirmation even though I had never enabled developer options. So I tried copying files from storage/emulated/0/, but it was empty. So I switched to /data, and when I typed ls, it showed permission denied. Is there a way to access it without formatting the device and safely copying all the data to the PC?