Is there any way, in Python 3, to find out the language used by the system? Even a tricky one though, like: reading from a file in a sneaky directory, and finding the string 'ENG' or 'FRE' within the file's content…

I have a problem with the Linux kernel, regarding the status of ports that are bound through an application, but not used via listen() or connect().  E.g., Entering the following lines in a python command line, to simulate the problem:

import socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)  
sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 12345))

At this time, the socket is used, and a second program will receive an error when trying to bind to the same IP address and port. Under Windows, netstat -qon | grep 12345 shows:

TCP   127.0.0.1:12345    0.0.0.0:0  BOUND     21820

But unfortunately I have found no tool and no documentation, where and how I can dig to that information under current mainstream Linux distributions. It looks like, that in the upcoming iproute2 packet, there is a -B option for ss, but when I installed that on a recent Debian “6.1.0-23-amd64 #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Debian 6.1.99-1” kernel, the option was accepted, but the output was empty. As the socket is used, the kernel must track that somewhere.  I figured out that I can track the binding event, when I install auditd, but that must run **before** an unknown program uses bind, and is a real big overhead to get information that is already stored somewhere in kernel tables. So somebody here might be able to point me into the right direction, where I can obtain this socket status information from the kernel, together with the pid of the process owning this socket. This information must be somewhere in the kernel, but, unfortunately, not e.g., in /proc/net/tcp. I am happy with ready binary tools or with code-snippets pulling this information from the kernel.

Is there a way to find out if and in case which linux security LSM (apparmor, selinux, grsecurity) is used by the kernel? To be more specific let's assume I am a legimate root user of the machine? If information available also it would be nice to furthermore know: With regard to the question, is there a difference with considering the machine being (a) a local computer, (b) a dedicated server and (c) a virtual server "vServer" ## update ## I know that I could for instance install the user-space stuff (on a debian for instance apt-get install apparmor) and check if it yields results related to the specific LSM. So I could do for apparmor sudo apparmor_status which would then for instance yield: apparmor module is not loaded. which helps me rule out that option. Yet I was looking for a more general approach covering most/all LSM. ## update2 ## I have discovered the path /sys/kernel/security. Maybe this is helpful finding an answer?

I used a system information utility to take the model number of a system, and also of the motherboard. DMI System Manufacturer LENOVO DMI System Product 2306CTO DMI System Version ThinkPad X230 DMI Motherboard Product 2306CTO Is there a way to get model number, in this case 2306CTO, in Linux?

Often times I will ssh into a new client's box to make changes to their website configuration without knowing much about the server configuration. I have seen a few ways to get information about the system you're using, but are there some standard commands to tell me what version of Unix/Linux I'm on and basic system information (like if it is a 64-bit system or not), and that sort of thing? Basically, if you just logged into a box and didn't know anything about it, what things would you check out and what commands would you use to do it?

How could i make a boot option "About PC" in the GRUB boot menu that displays something like in the image running the newest version of GRUB i386-pc MBR everything uptodate.
Image slightly edited to update the kernel (which was 6.5.8-arch1-1 and its now uptodate) and remove the hostname and username. EDIT: All i need to get displayed on is a simple file contaning neofetch and uname -a outputs (with color if possible).

I'm writing a program that displays various system information (on a CentOS system). For example, the processor type and speed (from /proc/cpuinfo), the last boot time (calculated from /proc/uptime), the IP address (from ifconfig output), and a list of installed printers (from lpstat output). Currently, several pieces of data are obtained from the dmidecode program: * The platform type (dmidecode -s system-product-name) * The BIOS version (dmidecode -s bios-version) * The amount of physical memory (dmidecode -t17 | grep Size) These are only available if my program is run as root (because otherwise the dmidecode subprocess fails with a /dev/mem: Permission denied error). Is there an alternative way to get this information, that a normal user can access?

I want the UNIX date to output: So this is week 35 of 2016. Here, of course, 35 and 2016 are outputs of the date command. I have tried the following: date +%U This printed out the current week number. But I have to wrap it inside the specific text I want to display. I tried: date "So this is week: %U" date "It is currently: "+ "%U" Both gave me an error. How can I make the date command display the week number to me in the specific format that I desire?

I'd like to price some new RAM for our in-house VMware testing server. It's a consumer box we use for testing our software on and running business VMs. I've forgotten what kind of RAM it has and I'd rather not reboot the machine and fire up memtest86+ just to get the specs of the RAM. Is there any way I can know what kind of RAM to buy without shutting down Linux and kicking everyone off? For example, is the information somewhere in /proc?

How do Zsh distinguish utility/file if it's executable either binary or script, or just file, or shell builtin, etc, etc ?

Are there any commands that I can use on a secondhand laptop or PC running Linux that will tell me if there are any problems with the system? If so, what are they? For example, battery life/condition, hard drive space, bad sectors, bad RAM, bus speed, video/audio hardware and driver specs, LAN card specs, etc., etc.

While troubleshooting a problem with my ethernet card, I've found that the driver I'm currently using may have some issues with old kernel versions. What command can I use to check the kernel version I am currently running ?

I am running Debian 11 with GNOME, and realized that getting information about the connected monitor(s) is not that easy (preferably from terminal). The most promising solution I found was with read-edid but it gave me the output that I have put below. Any ideas about which is the best way of getting information about the monitor, such as model, manufacturer etc?

This is read-edid version 3.0.2. Prepare for some fun.
Attempting to use i2c interface
Looks like no busses have an EDID. Sorry!
Attempting to use the classical VBE interface

        Performing real mode VBE call
        Interrupt 0x10 ax=0x4f00 bx=0x0 cx=0x0
        Function unsupported
        Call failed

        VBE version 0
        VBE string at 0x0 "O"

VBE/DDC service about to be called
        Report DDC capabilities

        Performing real mode VBE call
        Interrupt 0x10 ax=0x4f15 bx=0x0 cx=0x0
        Function unsupported
        Call failed

Reading next EDID block

VBE/DDC service about to be called
        Read EDID

        Performing real mode VBE call
        Interrupt 0x10 ax=0x4f15 bx=0x1 cx=0x0
        Function unsupported
        Call failed

The EDID data should not be trusted as the VBE call failed
Error: output block unchanged
I'm sorry nothing was successful. Maybe try some other arguments
if you played with them, or send an email to Matthew Kern .

How can I reliably determine the chipset of a machine?  I tried to use the lspci, hwinfo, lshw and dmidecode commands on my old Asus K50IJ with Linux Mint, but the output does not provide precise enough information about the northbridge.  I found out that its chipset is Intel® Mobile GL40 Express +ICH9M on Asus's website, but I would like to be able to find that using only the terminal, if that's possible.  The above commands return a lot of information, but not what I'm looking for.  For instance, one line of output from lspci is: Host bridge: Intel corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub (rev09) but my output expectation would be: Intel® Mobile GL40 Express Chipset +ICH9M The output of lspci narrows down chipsets to this list, but that's still a lot to pick from: https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/34468/intel-4-series-chipsets.html Because of output about SATA controller, I could identify the southbridge:

PCI 1f.2: 0106 SATA controller (AHCI 1.0)
  [Created at pci.378]
  Unique ID: w7Y8.1UWGXuPHmx0
  SysFS ID: /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2
  SysFS BusID: 0000:00:1f.2
  Hardware Class: storage
  Model: "Intel 82801IBM/IEM (ICH9M/ICH9M-E) 4 port SATA Controller [AHCI mode]
  Vendor: pci 0x8086 "Intel Corporation"

and with that, I could check on the Intel chipset list that it pairs with the GL40 northbridge.  But it feels like a lot of work for a simple piece of information, especially since, on my other machines, lspci outputs the precise chipset model name. (response to a comment) the full output of lspci -nn -d 8086:

00:00.0 Host bridge : Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub [8086:2a40] (rev 09)
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller : Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller [8086:2a42] (rev 09)
00:02.1 Display controller : Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Integrated Graphics Controller [8086:2a43] (rev 09)
00:1a.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 [8086:2937] (rev 03)
00:1a.1 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 [8086:2938] (rev 03)
00:1a.2 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #6 [8086:2939] (rev 03)
00:1a.7 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 [8086:293c] (rev 03)
00:1b.0 Audio device : Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller [8086:293e] (rev 03)
00:1c.0 PCI bridge : Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 1 [8086:2940] (rev 03)
00:1c.1 PCI bridge : Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 2 [8086:2942] (rev 03)
00:1c.5 PCI bridge : Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) PCI Express Port 6 [8086:294a] (rev 03)
00:1d.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 [8086:2934] (rev 03)
00:1d.1 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 [8086:2935] (rev 03)
00:1d.2 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 [8086:2936] (rev 03)
00:1d.7 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 [8086:293a] (rev 03)
00:1e.0 PCI bridge : Intel Corporation 82801 Mobile PCI Bridge [8086:2448] (rev 93)
00:1f.0 ISA bridge : Intel Corporation ICH9M LPC Interface Controller [8086:2919] (rev 03)
00:1f.2 SATA controller : Intel Corporation 82801IBM/IEM (ICH9M/ICH9M-E) 4 port SATA Controller [AHCI mode] [8086:2929] (rev 03)

Output of cat /proc/cpuinfo:

processor       : 0
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 23
model name      : Pentium(R) Dual-Core CPU       T4300  @ 2.10GHz
stepping        : 10
microcode       : 0xa0b
cpu MHz         : 1196.901
cache size      : 1024 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 2
core id         : 0
cpu cores       : 2
apicid          : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 13
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl cpuid aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm xsave lahf_lm pti dtherm
bugs            : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit
bogomips        : 4189.09
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor       : 1
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 23
model name      : Pentium(R) Dual-Core CPU       T4300  @ 2.10GHz
stepping        : 10
microcode       : 0xa0b
cpu MHz         : 1196.897
cache size      : 1024 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 2
core id         : 1
cpu cores       : 2
apicid          : 1
initial apicid  : 1
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 13
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl cpuid aperfmperf pni dtes64 monitor ds_cpl est tm2 ssse3 cx16 xtpr pdcm xsave lahf_lm pti dtherm
bugs            : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit
bogomips        : 4189.09
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 36 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

Edit, output of sudo lspci -vv -d 8086:2a40:

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub (rev 09)
        Subsystem: ASUSTeK Computer Inc. Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub
        Control: I/O- Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR- FastB2B- DisINTx-
        Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B+ ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- SERR-

I don't know where to look in the output of lspci -xxx -d 8086:2a40:

00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Mobile 4 Series Chipset Memory Controller Hub (rev 09)
00: 86 80 40 2a 06 00 90 20 09 00 00 06 00 00 00 00
10: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 10 67 18
30: 00 00 00 00 e0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
40: 01 90 d1 fe 00 00 00 00 01 00 d1 fe 00 00 00 00
50: 00 00 50 03 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
60: 01 00 00 e0 00 00 00 00 01 80 d1 fe 00 00 00 00
70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 08 00 00 00 00 00 00
80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
90: 10 11 11 00 00 33 33 00 40 00 4f 00 00 1a 38 00
a0: 20 00 00 14 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
b0: 00 c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
c0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
d0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 70 02 00 00
e0: 09 00 0a 61 b1 6d 51 1f b9 e1 00 00 00 00 00 00
f0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 a0 0f 09 00 00 00 00 00

## Background There's a task to automate info grabbing from servers. However, I am unable to locate any hardware or software RAID controllers. --- ## Issue Due to the various ways each vendor describes its controller, I am struggling to clearly define which block devices shown are RAID. I assume the best way to resolve this issue would be to use built-in Linux utilities. If my assumptions are wrong, please inform me.

With Windows' command prompt, I can get a simplified system hardware overview through systeminfo command. On Ubuntu I can get a lot of non GUI commands with lots of info plus verbose details. There are some GUI tools like sysinfo. But I can't find a non-GUI one. So, can I get a simplified non-verbose non-GUI system information summary through terminal on Ubuntu?

I am writing an application that works like Neofetch when a -w option is passed. It shows some of the the system information like memory, swap, cpu, battery usages, hostname, local ip, kernel version etc. I am wondering how to get the "Host" like in Neofetch. For example:

-`                    sourav@archlinux-arm 
                  .o+`                   -------------------- 
                 `ooo/                   OS: Arch Linux armv7l 
                `+oooo:                  Host: Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Rev 1.2 
               `+oooooo:                 Kernel: 4.19.108-1-ARCH 
               -+oooooo+:                Uptime: 10 mins 
             `/:-:++oooo+:               Packages: 804 (pacman) 
            `/++++/+++++++:              Shell: bash 5.0.16 
           `/++++++++++++++:             Resolution: 1366x768 
          /+++ooooooooooooo/           DE: Xfce 
         ./ooosssso++osssssso+`          WM: Xfwm4 
        .oossssso-

/ossssss+ WM Theme: XFCE_Colour_Lite_Pink -osssssso. :ssssssso. Theme: XFCE_Colour_Lite_Pink [GTK2], X :osssssss/ osssso+++. Icons: Papirus [GTK2], Tela-orange [GT /ossssssss/ +ssssooo/- Terminal: tilix `/ossssso+/:- -:/+osssso+- CPU: BCM2835 (4) @ 1.350GHz +sso+:- `.-/+oso: Memory: 333MiB / 901MiB ++:. -/+/ . /

I get an information like this.
On my laptop:

-` sourav@archlinux .o+` ---------------- `ooo/ OS: Arch Linux x86_64 `+oooo: Host: Inspiron 5567 `+oooooo: Kernel: 5.5.10-arch1-1 -+oooooo+: Uptime: 3 hours `/:-:++oooo+: Packages: 1163 (pacman) `/++++/+++++++: Shell: bash 5.0.16 `/++++++++++++++: Resolution: 1920x1080 /+++ooooooooooooo/ DE: Xfce ./ooosssso++osssssso+` WM: Xfwm4 .oossssso-

/ossssss+         WM Theme: XFCE_Colour_Lite_Ruby 
       -osssssso.      :ssssssso.        Theme: XFCE_Colour_Lite_Purple [GTK2 
      :osssssss/        osssso+++.       Icons: Papirus [GTK2/3] 
     /ossssssss/        +ssssooo/-       Terminal: tilix 
   `/ossssso+/:-        -:/+osssso+-     CPU: Intel i3-6006U (4) @ 2.000GHz 
  +sso+:-                 `.-/+oso:    GPU: Intel Skylake GT2 HD Graphics  
 ++:.                           -/+/   Memory: 2814MiB / 3755MiB 
 .                                 /

My question is related to [this question , but it doesn't answer my question because my raspberry pi can't run dmidecode, (no /sys/devices/virtual/dmi/ either), no lshw installed. Also, the /etc/hostname are not the computers' model name, instead they are just *archlinux-arm* and *archlinux*. The uname -a or cat /proc/version doesn't have the '*Rapsberry Pi*' string on the raspberry pi. Is there a way to get the hardware name like neofetch without using any dependency which should also run on most hardware?

I use the Zabbix Server to monitor my environment. The metrics used by Zabbix to view the CPU are too confusing, so I would like to simplify. Is there a way to get the percentage of use of each core cpu?

Following on the footsteps of [this question](https://unix.stackexchange.com/q/400207/3285) , which I was able to figure out with the [device page](https://lede-project.org/toh/hwdata/netgear/netgear_r7800) for my device. I want to know if it is possible to find out he build information *without* using the web interface? Such as with an administration/cli tool.

Running: cat /sys/devices/virtual/dmi/id/{sys_vendor,chassis_vendor,product_name} produces the output:

To Be Filled By O.E.M.
To Be Filled By O.E.M.
To Be Filled By O.E.M.

How would I change these values? I know it can be done through the registry in Windows, so hopefully there's a similarly simple way in Linux. Edit: I've tried changing the files with sudoedit, but they're locked for editing (like most of the /sys/ directory, from what I understand). There are a couple ways to accomplish this in Windows, but I haven't found any information online about how to edit these values in Linux.