I'm quite new to this systemd topic. I have some Units with varios Requires, After and Before. On some Units I got messages like: tinc.service: Job tinc.service/start failed with result 'dependency'. But which dependency in detail? This is how I tried to drill down to the problem: core@chimp ~ $ systemctl status tinc.service ● tinc.service - Tinc VPN Service Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/tinc.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) May 04 18:09:18 chimp systemd: Dependency failed for Tinc VPN Service. May 04 18:09:18 chimp systemd: tinc.service: Job tinc.service/start failed with result 'dependency'. Take a look which service is required... core@chimp ~ $ cat /etc/systemd/system/tinc.service [Unit] Description=Tinc VPN Service Requires=flannel-wait.service After=flanneld.service tinc-env.service flannel-wait.service #Before=early-docker.target [Service] Restart=always RestartSec=3 Environment="DOCKER_HOST=unix:///var/run/early-docker.sock" EnvironmentFile=/etc/tinc-env EnvironmentFile=/etc/environment ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/docker pull jenserat/tinc ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -rf /srv/tinc ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /srv/tinc ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/docker run --rm --volume /srv/tinc:/etc/tinc jenserat/tinc init $TINC_HOSTNAME" ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/docker run --rm --volume /srv/tinc:/etc/tinc jenserat/tinc add Address = $COREOS_PUBLIC_IPV4" EnvironmentFile=/run/flannel/subnet.env ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/docker run --rm --volume /srv/tinc:/etc/tinc jenserat/tinc add Subnet = echo $FLANNEL_SUBNET | sed -e 's/1\\/24/0\\/24/'" ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/docker run --rm --volume /srv/tinc:/etc/tinc jenserat/tinc add Mode = switch" ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c "/usr/bin/docker run --rm --volume /srv/tinc:/etc/tinc jenserat/tinc add DeviceType = tap" ExecStartPre=-/usr/bin/docker rm -f tinc ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/docker run --name tinc -d --volume /srv/tinc:/etc/tinc --net=host --device=/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN jenserat/tinc start -D ExecStart=/bin/sh -c "while true; do etcdctl set /services/tinc/$TINC_HOSTNAME \"\\\" cat /srv/tinc/hosts/$TINC_HOSTNAME \"\\\" --ttl 60;sleep 45;done" #ExecStop=/usr/bin/docker rm -f tinc ExecStopPost=/bin/sh -c "etcdctl rm /services/tinc/$TINC_HOSTNAME" Move on to flannel-wait.service: core@chimp ~ $ systemctl status flannel-wait.service ● flannel-wait.service - Wait For Flannel Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/flannel-wait.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) May 04 18:09:18 chimp systemd: Dependency failed for Wait For Flannel. May 04 18:09:18 chimp systemd: flannel-wait.service: Job flannel-wait.service/start failed with result 'dependency'. core@chimp ~ $ cat /etc/systemd/system/flannel-wait.service [Unit] Description=Wait For Flannel Requires=flanneld.service After=flanneld.service [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/bin/sh -c "echo \"TINC_HOSTNAME=hostname | sed -e 's/-/_/g'\" > /etc/tinc-env" ExecStartPre=/bin/sh -c "while [ ! -f /run/flannel/subnet.env ] ; do sleep 1; done" Drill depper.. core@chimp ~ $ systemctl status flanneld.service ● flanneld.service - Network fabric for containers Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib64/systemd/system/flanneld.service; static; vendor preset: disabled) Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/flanneld.service.d └─50-network-config.conf Active: active (running) since Wed 2016-05-04 18:09:24 CEST; 12min ago Docs: https://github.com/coreos/flannel Process: 929 ExecStartPost=/usr/bin/docker run --net=host --rm -v /run:/run quay.io/coreos/flannel:${FLANNEL_VER} /opt/bin/mk-docker-opts.sh -d /run/flannel_docker_opts.env -i (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 879 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/etcdctl set /coreos.com/network/config { "Network": "10.1.0.0/16", "Backend": { "Type": "alloc"} } (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 877 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/touch ${FLANNEL_ENV_FILE} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 875 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mkdir -p ${ETCD_SSL_DIR} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 873 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mkdir -p /run/flannel (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 871 ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe ip_tables (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 886 (sdnotify-proxy) Memory: 12.0M CPU: 93ms CGroup: /system.slice/flanneld.service ├─886 /usr/libexec/sdnotify-proxy /run/flannel/sd.sock /usr/bin/docker run --net=host --privileged=true --rm --volume=/run/flannel:/run/flannel --env=NOTIFY_SOCKET=/run/flannel/sd.sock --env=AW... └─889 /usr/bin/docker run --net=host --privileged=true --rm --volume=/run/flannel:/run/flannel --env=NOTIFY_SOCKET=/run/flannel/sd.sock --env=AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID= --env=AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY= --e... May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.131290 00001 main.go:275] Installing signal handlers May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.139346 00001 main.go:188] Using 178.XXXXXX as external interface May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.139363 00001 main.go:189] Using 178.XXXXX as external endpoint May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.140740 00001 etcd.go:129] Found lease (10.1.6.0/24) for current IP (178.XXXX), reusing May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.176357 00001 etcd.go:84] Subnet lease acquired: 10.1.6.0/24 May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.234997 00001 ipmasq.go:50] Adding iptables rule: FLANNEL -d 10.1.0.0/16 -j ACCEPT May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.237095 00001 ipmasq.go:50] Adding iptables rule: FLANNEL ! -d 224.0.0.0/4 -j MASQUERADE May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.256054 00001 ipmasq.go:50] Adding iptables rule: POSTROUTING -s 10.1.0.0/16 -j FLANNEL May 04 18:09:24 chimp sdnotify-proxy: I0504 16:09:24.258241 00001 ipmasq.go:50] Adding iptables rule: POSTROUTING ! -s 10.1.0.0/16 -d 10.1.0.0/16 -j MASQUERADE May 04 18:09:24 chimp systemd: Started Network fabric for containers. As far as I understand this, the flannel-wait.service relies on the flanneld.service -which is running. But after all, why does it fail? Thanks in advance!

I have successfully enabled user units in RHEL 8 under ~/.config/systemd/user directory. Enabling linger also gives me the option to start the service without having to login. My question, is it possible to have user units, namely .service files, located at a different path other than ~/.config/systemd/user and still be able to start these user units just like I am able to do now?

I used to use the fstab file for mounting drives. This time i wanted to use Units instead and created a .mount file. However i wonder how i would set a file system check option and umask settings there. For example in a fstab file you would do that by adding (just as an example) umask=000 0 1 I'm not sure if i can just use the same options in a .mount file?

I've rented a server which I access using the Terminus SSH terminal. I've created a program that has prompts and takes input and works as intended when started normally. But I've created a service to automatically launch it at startup, or when it crashes, but when it's launched from the service it doesn't print any output to the terminal or take any input. If I leave the Standardinput and Standardoutput blank in the unit file, and use the systemctl status command, I can see the prompts that the program is supposed to print when it's started, but I still cant give it any commands. I've tried setting the Standardinput and Standardoutput to tty and also tty-force and the TTYPath to /dev/pts/0, because it says thats the tty I'm using. When I do that though it still doesn't give any output or take any input, and also doesn't even give any of the starting output when I use the systemctl status command, same when I use the /dev/console as the TTYPath, which I read is supposed to be the default. So I don't know why it would display those prompts in the systemd status when no standardinput or ouput are set but not display them when they're set to /dev/console, if that's the default. I've also tried several other ttys like ptyp0, ptyp1, tty0, tty2, and stdin/stdout, but still can't get it to work. Any suggestions? I've realised there may be issues if it tries to connect to the SSH terminal when I'm not connected to it, if that's the case is there a way to setup a virtual terminal that stays open and use that for the input and output, then just connect to that terminal whenever I log in via SSH? How would I go about creating the virtual terminal via SSH, and also connecting to it? I've tried chvt 0 and chvt 1 but got "Couldn't get a file descriptor referring to the console.", also tried it using sudo su -, but still the same response. Here's the unit code

[Unit]
Description= Makes sure server stays running

[Service]
Type=simple

TTYPath=/dev/pts/0
StandardInput=tty
StandardOutput=tty

ExecStart=/usr/lib/jvm/jdk-19/bin/java  -cp /apps/server/lib/*:/apps/server/src packages/Server

Restart=always
RestartSec= 30

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

Is there a *standard tool* which converts an integer count of Bytes into a human-readable count of the largest possible unit-size, while keeping the numeric value between 1.00 and 1023.99 ? I have my own bash/awk script, but I am looking for a *standard* tool, which is found on many/most distros... something more generally available, and ideally has simple command line args, and/or can accept piped input. Here are some examples of the type of output I am looking for. 1 Byt 173.00 KiB 46.57 MiB 1.84 GiB 29.23 GiB 265.72 GiB 1.63 TiB Here is the *bytes-human* script (used for the above output) awk -v pfix="$1" -v sfix="$2" 'BEGIN { split( "Byt KiB MiB GiB TiB PiB", unit ) uix = uct = length( unit ) for( i=1; i=1024 && length(s)>1) {x/=1024; s=substr(s,5)} s=substr(s,1,4) xf=(s==" B ")?"%5d ":"%8.2f" return sprintf( xf"%s\n", x, s) } {gsub(/^[0-9]+/, human($1)); print}'

I'm trying to create a config file for my unit but when I start the daemon after enabling and shutdown the computer it doesnt works. The script only executes the ExecStart line after network.target on boot. Edit: Code: [Unit] Description="Service that executes Discord Bot at Boot and Shutdown." After=network.target Before=poweroff.target [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/mi_script_bash.sh start ExecStop=/usr/bin/mi_script_bash.sh stop Type=oneshot RemainAfterExit=true [Install] WantedBy= default.target poweroff.target The ExecStart and ExecStop Calls are for the bash script mi_script_bash.sh (simple string comparison for calling to a NodeJs script): #!/bin/bash [ "$1" == "start" ] && node /home/ser356/Escritorio/discordjs/app.js start [ "$1" == "stop" ] && node /home/ser356/Escritorio/discordjs/app.js stop And then the node script: const {Client,Intents} = require("discord.js"); require('dotenv').config(); var hora=new Date(); const client = new Client({ intents: [Intents.FLAGS.GUILDS, Intents.FLAGS.GUILD_MESSAGES] }); var argumentos=process.argv; console.log(argumentos) //client.login("OTUwNTQyNDQ5MzYzODA4MzA2.YiabpA.bulmNmwGgz9s8kOPyvjngR_rSbo"); client.on('ready', () => { var canal = client.channels.cache.get("950644612517724171") if(argumentos==='start'){ canal.send("Mi dueño me ha arrancado "+hora); } else if(argumentos==='stop'){ canal.send("Mi dueño me requiere "+hora); } else{ canal.send("nada") } }); client.login('token')

I switched my system from Debian 10 to 11 (new computer), so I'm trying to revert to my normal settings. I have installed with en_US locale, which I do want for UI texts, but I need to revert to ISO formats, like "normal" dates with 4-digit years, 24 hours, millimetres, centimetres, A4 page format etc. I open the Gnome "Region & Language" settings, but I can't seem to be able to install a new format. IIRC, I had used en_DK before, which is basically a neutral English but good date, time, and unit formats. How do I add en_DK in my new system for Gnome - only the formats part of Region & Language?

The default output of units seems to be a bit verbose:

$ units "2 fortnight" seconds
	* 2419200
	/ 4.1335979e-07

Suppose I just want the number only, so that I can do things like sleep $(units "2 fortnight" seconds). Is there a formatting argument for units that I'm missing? Or is there some simple way to pipe it into something and get just the number? I can see that $ units "2 fortnight" seconds | head -n 1 would at least get rid of the factor, but I still have the extra whitespace and *.

How do you sort du -sh /dir/* by size? I read one site that said use | sort -n but that's obviously not right. Here's an example that is wrong. [~]# du -sh /var/* | sort -n 0 /var/mail 1.2M /var/www 1.8M /var/tmp 1.9G /var/named 2.9M /var/run 4.1G /var/log 8.0K /var/account 8.0K /var/crash 8.0K /var/cvs 8.0K /var/games 8.0K /var/local 8.0K /var/nis 8.0K /var/opt 8.0K /var/preserve 8.0K /var/racoon 12K /var/aquota.user 12K /var/portsentry 16K /var/ftp 16K /var/quota.user 20K /var/yp 24K /var/db 28K /var/empty 32K /var/lock 84K /var/profiles 224M /var/netenberg 235M /var/cpanel 245M /var/cache 620M /var/lib 748K /var/spool

By default, the GNU units command outputs length units in meters. If I want to use a different unit, I have to specify this manually at the You want: prompt. Is there a way to change the default from meters to something else? $ units Currency exchange rates from FloatRates (USD base) on 2020-07-08 3496 units, 109 prefixes, 109 nonlinear units You have: (1gallon)^(1/3) You want: Definition: 0.15584913 m In the above example, I might want this interaction, with empty You want: input, to produce the output Definition: 0.51131604 ft or Definition: 6 in + 1.0863395 * 1|8 in. At present, I only know how to get these outputs by specifying ft or ftin explicitly: You have: (1gallon)^(1/3) You want: ft * 0.51131604 / 1.9557376 You have: (1gallon)^(1/3) You want: ftin 6 in + 1.0863395 * 1|8 in It seems like it should also be possible to configure these as defaults using a command line option like --units, or an environment variable like UNITS_SYSTEM, or an entry in ~/.units.

I have a sample emmc block info from an android device >From /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 179 1 5120 mmcblk0p1 Using my little intelligence I am assuming /proc/partitions uses blocks since it says partition 1 has 5120 blocks >From /sys/dev/block/179:0/mmcblk0p1/size 10240 It is seeming the partition values in /sys/…/size are double the values of /proc/partitions. Hence why are they different hence what the units in both of them?

I am trying to log output from an interactive command-line program; [units](https://www.gnu.org/software/units/) , specifically. I have tried using tee like this: units | tee units.log or script like this: script -c units units.log but they both log all the backspaces and tab completions as special characters like this: You have: 55 horsepower ^G/^H^[[K^M You want: wat^Gt ^M * 41013.493^M / 2.438222e-05^M The manpage for script mentions this issue. > **BUGS** > > Script places everything in the log file, including linefeeds and backspaces. > This is not what the naive user expects. I am aware of the work-around with viewing the file using cat and more or stripping the escape characters with col as mentioned here: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7152339/format-output-from-unix-script-command-remove-backspaces-linefeeds-and-delet As well as the perl script here: http://log.guidoderosa.net/2009/05/another-old-post-which-may-be-useful.html But I don't especially want to fix an existing log file: I want to avoid creating new log files garbled with deleted input and control characters. I thought I had fixed the problem using rlwrap, but it conflicts with the units readline functionality, so that it either fails to capture the output, or with rlwrap -a it captures the output but negates the ability of units to use tab-completion. rlwrap -a -N does not help. This is well-documented in the man page: > **BUGS and LIMITATIONS** > > Though it is flexible, delivers the goods (readline functionality), and > adheres to the Unix "many small tools" paradigm, rlwrap is a kludge. It > cannot know anything about command's internal state, which makes > context-sensitive completion impossible. Using the readline library from > within command is still the best option. Is there any way to cleanly log interactive input and output that doesn't mess with the existing readline functionality? Update: I would be happy with something like units | col -b | tee units.log but that hangs while waiting for interactive input. Can this be fixed?

I sometimes wish human-readable du -h option to be more *fine-grained* while still human-readable. Instead of showing: 14G it would show something like: 14G 236M 788k 110b Is there an easy / straightforward / standard way to get this?

I'm trying to figure out how to write a polkit rule for a systemd template file. The rule is triggered when I use the actual service that will be instantiated (openvpn-client@miami.service) but not when I leave out the instance identifier string (openvpn-client@.service). Here is the complete working rule: polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) { if ( action.id == "org.freedesktop.systemd1.manage-units") { if (action.lookup("unit") == "openvpn-client@miami.service" && subject.isInGroup("wheel")) { var verb = action.lookup("verb"); if (verb == "start" || verb == "stop" || verb == "restart") { return polkit.Result.YES; } } } polkit.log("action=" + action); polkit.log("subject=" + subject); }); My hunch is that I could use javascript regex to just glob the string between "@" and ".service" but I can't quite figure it out. My vpn provider has many possible servers, each with its own config (referenced by the openvpn-client@.service template unit file), so I'd really like to not have to write a polkit rule for each instance of the template. Thanks a lot! **Update:** I solved this according to my hunch above, using regex to test for template file. This is maybe unsafe? polkit.addRule(function(action, subject) { if ( action.id == "org.freedesktop.systemd1.manage-units") { var instance = /openvpn-client@[a-z]+.service/.test(action.lookup("unit")); if ( instance === true && subject.isInGroup("wheel")) { var verb = action.lookup("verb"); if (verb == "start" || verb == "stop" || verb == "restart") { return polkit.Result.YES; } } } polkit.log("action=" + action); polkit.log("subject=" + subject); });

In many file system related man page, the units are represented by single letters [bBsSkKmMgGtTpPeE]. What do the upper case and lower case mean? I.e. megabyte, megabit, mebiyte, mebibit, which one is which?

Here is my unit file: [Unit] Description=Backend Service After=mariadb.service Requires=mariadb.service [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/var/www/html/pythonscripts/Backend.py [Install] Alias=BEd WantedBy=basic.target Here is what I previous wrote that used to work (instructions for setting up the service): BEd.service must be moved to /etc/systemd/system systemctl daemon-reload systemctl enable BEd systemctl start BEd Here is what the /etc/systemd/system folder currently contains: basic.target.wants dbus-org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.service default.target.wants sockets.target.wants BEd dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service getty.target.wants sysinit.target.wants BEd.service default.target multi-user.target.wants system-update.target.wants Here is the error message after rebooting: [root@BEKappa ~]# systemctl status -l BHd BEd.service - Backend Service Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/BEd.service; enabled) Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sat 2016-01-16 18:39:27 EST; 34s ago Process: 3852 ExecStart=/var/www/html/pythonscripts/BEd.py (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Main PID: 3852 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) CGroup: /system.slice/BEd.service Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: Traceback (most recent call last): Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: File "/var/www/html/pythonscripts/BEd.py", line 147, in Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: cur.execute(network_adapters_sql) Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/MySQLdb/cursors.py", line 174, in execute Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: self.errorhandler(self, exc, value) Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/MySQLdb/connections.py", line 36, in defaulterrorhandler Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: raise errorclass, errorvalue Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa BEd.py: _mysql_exceptions.ProgrammingError: (1064, 'You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near \'\'IP\', \'ethernet\', \'connecting\', \'(getting\', \'enp7s0\', \'yes\', \'1000\', \'"dhcp"\', )\' at line 1') Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa systemd: BEd.service: main process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE Jan 16 18:39:27 BEKappa systemd: Unit BEd.service entered failed state. I am 100% sure it isn't the service code, since it starts just fine after reboot manually (i.e. systemctl start BEd). Based on the error I'm 90% sure mariaDB isn't finished loading when BEd starts, it fails on the first SQL statement of the program. Yet, this unit file worked before, and it's currently working on another server. So I am baffled.

I would like to create a timer that launch a command every 2 months (the first of the month) I already do that with a cron, but I would like to do the same with systemd and get rid of cron. I have a problem because when I start my timer, systemd refused to activate it with the following error: systemd: Starting Start my timer. systemd: myservice.timer failed to enter waiting state: Invalid argument systemd: Failed to start Start my timer systemd: Unit myservice.timer entered failed state. I used the two following units: *myservice.timer* [Unit] Description=Start my timer [Timer] OnCalendar=*-01/2-01 00:00:01 Persistent=true WakeSystem=true [Install] WantedBy=timers.target *myservice.service* [Unit] Description=Start my command [Service] Type=oneshot ExecStart=/usr/local/mycommand.sh [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target I suppose it doesn't work because it miss a parameter or the OnCalendar parameter is not good. I am on Debian Jessie. Thank you.

I've got a CSV file that looks like the following: miami,20,in lansing,2,cm austin,3,mm chicago,5,miles phoenix,2,feet The first field is the name, the next field is the numeric value and the third field indicates the units. I've listed all the units that my dataset currently has however it is not limited to these as I expect the dataset to change and require different units of measurement over time. I want to be able to process this CSV file in a script so that all my values are converted to one common unit, inches, and are listed alongside the name. So it should look something like this: miami,20 lansing,0.78740157 austin,0.11811024 chicago,316800 phoenix,24 I've figured out that there's a unit conversion tool units which is precisely what I'm looking for to use to convert my units as my data contains a mixture of metric and imperial units. For example, if I wanted to convert my last line of data into inches I would do this units 2cm in -t Which would give me 0.78740157 What I'm currently seeking help on is how to go about using this command in a script and outputting it in the format I described (2nd code block). The CSV data is currently stored in a variable called $citydata in a bash script. It is currently a string. ​​​

Can you recommend a Unix-style tool that converts between human-readable bytesizes (e.g., 10KiB->10240, 10240->10KiB)? By Unix-style I mean that it should do just this (i.e., be just a simple filter without any GUI or other cruft) and do it well (i.e., handle different units, behave intelligently by default while allowing optional settings, such as different interpretation of non-IT units (k==1000 OR 1024), optional custom rounding, optional conversion to units that aren't the most fitting ones, etc.).