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votes
0
answers
53
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Configure NAS to use memory cache for all available capacity when copying files over SMB
I have Synology DS923+ NAS with 32 GB memory and two hard drives in RAID1. It runs Linux 4.4 with the ext4 filesystem. Copying a 20GB file from my laptop to NAS using SMB with 10GbE wired ethernet the transfer is 500MB/s, but after 10%, slower than 100MB/s (same as direct HDD write speed). I changed...
I have Synology DS923+ NAS with 32 GB memory and two hard drives in RAID1. It runs Linux 4.4 with the ext4 filesystem.
Copying a 20GB file from my laptop to NAS using SMB with 10GbE wired ethernet the transfer is 500MB/s, but after 10%, slower than 100MB/s (same as direct HDD write speed).
I changed to vm.dirty_ratio from 30% to 90%. It's ok. It use 4% when normal idle. and changed to vm.dirty_background_ratio from 10% to 3% for faster cache flushing.
And... It sends more than 500MB/s to 90%. but last 10% was slowing down:
What else can I do to make sure that even in the last 10%, I'm still getting the maximum transfer speed of the network?

bzImage
Jul 21, 2025, 03:59 AM
• Last activity: Jul 21, 2025, 09:52 AM
3
votes
3
answers
2453
views
mount -t cifs fails if password is not read from prompt, how to fix?
I can successfully mount a windows network drive/share using this command: mount -t cfis //servername/sharename /mnt -o 'username=user,sec=ntlmssp' as running this commands prompts a password to be input and then if correct mounts. According to [`man mount.cifs`][1] I should be able to to this. moun...
I can successfully mount a windows network drive/share using this command:
mount -t cfis //servername/sharename /mnt -o 'username=user,sec=ntlmssp'
as running this commands prompts a password to be input and then if correct mounts.
According to
man mount.cifs
I should be able to to this.
mount -t cfis //servername/sharename /mnt -o 'username=user,password=pwd,sec=ntlmssp'
or this
PASSWD='pwd' mount -t cfis //servername/sharename /mnt -o 'username=user,sec=ntlmssp'
However strangely both those commands fail with this message.
mount error(13): Permission denied
Now because our company does this "supersmart" thing to require passwords with **special characters** mine does contain a exclamation mark "!
". I know that this would have a special meaning to the command line shell, so I have escaped it properly such that if my password was pwd!
I would issue those two commands:
PASSWD='pwd\!' mount -t cfis //servername/sharename /mnt -o 'username=user,sec=ntlmssp'
mount -t cfis //servername/sharename /mnt -o 'username=user,password=pwd\!,sec=ntlmssp'
but still it does not work.
Connecting to Windows I do not have any particular feeling of urgency to hide my password (of appearing in the bash history) so I would be happy to find a way to skip the password prompt.
Mostly I would like to know what the problem is?
Lastly I have even tried a credentials file which also did not work.
fraleone
(897 rep)
Dec 11, 2019, 03:04 PM
• Last activity: Jul 11, 2025, 11:01 PM
4
votes
1
answers
2091
views
How to change user on SWAT page (or how to control Samba by nonprivileged user)
I logged into SWAT with my nonprivileged user, since the root account is usually disabled on modern Linux systems. I cannot control any Samba parameters by this user. Once I enable the root account, how should I logout from SWAT and re-login into SWAT as root? Or how should I make my nonprivileged u...
I logged into SWAT with my nonprivileged user, since the root account is usually disabled on modern Linux systems. I cannot control any Samba parameters by this user. Once I enable the root account, how should I logout from SWAT and re-login into SWAT as root?
Or how should I make my nonprivileged user to be able to control Samba parameters? Put the user into certain group? Specify the user in some SWAT config as a privileged one?
mbaitoff
(5221 rep)
Jun 22, 2011, 05:45 AM
• Last activity: Jul 6, 2025, 01:04 PM
1
votes
2
answers
3467
views
How to set the future permissions of content in folder
Let's say I am the user Alice and I have a publicly accessible folder `/samba/public` The permissions of the public Samba folder (`/samba/public/`) are nobody:nogroup and 0777. When Alice tries to copy over something from her home folder to the shared public drive (e.g `cp ~/Downloads/* /samba/publi...
Let's say I am the user Alice and I have a publicly accessible folder
/samba/public
The permissions of the public Samba folder (/samba/public/
) are nobody:nogroup and 0777.
When Alice tries to copy over something from her home folder to the shared public drive
(e.g cp ~/Downloads/* /samba/public
),
Alice wants the newly copied files to be editable/deletable by all guests who have access to the public Samba share.
I want the copied files to be owned by nobody:nogroup and set to 0777.
Instead, what happens is that the newly copied files are owned by alice:alice and guest users on the public drive can't edit or delete the files.
How can I ensure that future copy/move operations of content from Alice's home folder to the shared/public Samba folder will be owned by nobody:nogroup so that guest users aren't then prevented from deleting/editing the files themselves?
chivano
(113 rep)
Jul 5, 2018, 08:23 PM
• Last activity: Jul 5, 2025, 05:04 AM
2
votes
2
answers
2123
views
Slow transfer speed through Samba using software RAID
I have a mini PC (Intel Celeron J4005, 4GB RAM, Intel Gigabit NIC), configured with: - Ubuntu (5.4.0-81-generic, installed on sda) - Samba (version 4.11.6-Ubuntu) - FTP (vsftpd, no encryption) - RAID5 (mdadm, md0: sdb-sdc-sdd, USB-SATA) The RAID array is shared via Samba and FTP, but I want to elimi...
I have a mini PC (Intel Celeron J4005, 4GB RAM, Intel Gigabit NIC), configured with:
- Ubuntu (5.4.0-81-generic, installed on sda)
- Samba (version 4.11.6-Ubuntu)
- FTP (vsftpd, no encryption)
- RAID5 (mdadm, md0: sdb-sdc-sdd, USB-SATA)
The RAID array is shared via Samba and FTP, but I want to eliminate FTP, all major clients are Windows machines.
The problem is that I get way slower speeds through Samba share than FTP:
| Device | Method | Read Speed (Mbyte/s, one large file) |
|-| -|-|
| md0 | local | ~220 |
| md0 | LAN, FTP | ~115 (network limit) |
| md0 | LAN, Samba | ~48 |
| md0 | LAN, Samba, second run (cached in memory) | ~115 (network limit) |
| sda | LAN, Samba | ~115 (network limit) |
I tried with default Samba settings and with the current one (attached below), but I got the same result. I flushed the cache between tests.
iostat output sample (LAN, Samba, first run):
Device r/s rkB/s rrqm/s %rrqm r_await rareq-sz w/s wkB/s wrqm/s %wrqm w_await wareq-sz d/s dkB/s drqm/s %drqm d_await dareq-sz aqu-sz %util
md0 793.00 433408.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 546.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
sdb 254.00 16768.00 8.00 3.05 14.74 66.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.27 84.80
sdc 171.00 16896.00 93.00 35.23 2.99 98.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 60.80
sdd 161.00 16640.00 101.00 38.55 11.74 103.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.57 96.00
iostat output sample (LAN, FTP, first run):
Device r/s rkB/s rrqm/s %rrqm r_await rareq-sz w/s wkB/s wrqm/s %wrqm w_await wareq-sz d/s dkB/s drqm/s %drqm d_await dareq-sz aqu-sz %util
md0 1828.00 292480.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 160.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
sdb 458.00 39040.00 153.00 25.04 1.66 85.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 75.60
sdc 457.00 38976.00 152.00 24.96 1.45 85.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 70.40
sdd 457.00 38976.00 152.00 24.96 1.59 85.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 75.20
I have no clue what the problem can be, can someone help me, or at least where I should start investigating?
----------
Samba config:
[global]
workgroup = WORKGROUP
min protocol = SMB3
log level = 1
socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF=65536 SO_SNDBUF=65536 IPTOS_LOWDELAY SO_KEEPALIVE
use sendfile = true
aio read size = 65536
aio write size = 65536
read raw = yes
write raw = yes
getwd cache = yes
acl allow execute always = true
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
max log size = 1000
logging = file
server role = standalone server
obey pam restrictions = yes
unix password sync = yes
passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u
passwd chat = *Enter\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *Retype\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *password\supdated\ssuccessfully* .
pam password change = yes
map to guest = bad user
[Share]
path = /media/hdd
writable = yes
valid users = myuser
directory mode = 0770
create mode = 0660
RAID array configuration:
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Sep 7 13:19:26 2021
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 976441344 (931.21 GiB 999.88 GB)
Used Dev Size : 488220672 (465.60 GiB 499.94 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Intent Bitmap : Internal
Update Time : Tue Sep 9 14:37:52 2021
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Consistency Policy : bitmap
Filesystem info:
root@MiniPC:~# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 1.8G 0 1.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 371M 12M 360M 3% /run
/dev/sda2 58G 3.4G 55G 6% /
tmpfs 1.9G 12K 1.9G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 500M 79M 422M 16% /var/cache/apt
tmpfs 500M 0 500M 0% /tmp
tmpfs 500M 0 500M 0% /var/backups
tmpfs 500M 2.2M 498M 1% /var/log
tmpfs 500M 0 500M 0% /var/tmp
/dev/sda1 511M 5.3M 506M 2% /boot/efi
/dev/md0 917G 356G 562G 39% /media/hdd
root@MiniPC:~# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 59.6G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi
└─sda2 8:2 0 59.1G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 465.7G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 465.7G 0 part
└─md0 9:0 0 931.2G 0 raid5 /media/hdd
sdc 8:32 0 465.8G 0 disk
└─sdc1 8:33 0 465.8G 0 part
└─md0 9:0 0 931.2G 0 raid5 /media/hdd
sdd 8:48 0 465.8G 0 disk
└─sdd1 8:49 0 465.8G 0 part
└─md0 9:0 0 931.2G 0 raid5 /media/hdd
S-Zoli
(21 rep)
Sep 14, 2021, 01:36 PM
• Last activity: Jul 2, 2025, 01:02 AM
3
votes
1
answers
28675
views
Samba file server + AD + SSSD without Winbind
Currently have a CentOS8 server AD integrated using SSSD + automatic SID->UID mapping/generation. I would like to setup some file shares to make use of AD groups, but am struggling to get it set up. Does anybody have an example config that does not make use of winbind? Currently have the following:...
Currently have a CentOS8 server AD integrated using SSSD + automatic SID->UID mapping/generation. I would like to setup some file shares to make use of AD groups, but am struggling to get it set up. Does anybody have an example config that does not make use of winbind? Currently have the following:
[global]
workgroup =
security = ads
realm =
domain master = no
local master = no
preferred master = no
client min protocol = SMB3
vfs objects = acl_xattr
map acl inherit = yes
log level = 5
idmap config * : backend = sss
idmap config * : range = 10001-2000100000
kerberos method = secrets and keytab
I'm not familiar with setting up Samba, so maybe some of those settings dont make sense/are superfluous? I get the following error when trying to start Samba:
[2021/02/08 19:26:53.511544, 3] ../../source3/auth/token_util.c:788(finalize_local_nt_token)
Failed to check for local Guests membership (NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER_MIX)
[2021/02/08 19:26:53.511550, 0] ../../source3/auth/auth_util.c:1403(make_new_session_info_guest)
create_local_token failed: NT_STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER_MIX
[2021/02/08 19:26:53.511603, 0] ../../source3/smbd/server.c:2052(main)
ERROR: failed to setup guest info.
Thank you
Storage4852
(31 rep)
Feb 8, 2021, 08:13 PM
• Last activity: Jun 28, 2025, 09:08 PM
3
votes
1
answers
12027
views
Kerberos/Samba can't join Active Directory [DEBIAN 8]
I have an issue when I try to join my domain. I am able to create the kerberos ticket successfully. root@debian:~# kinit Administrateur@ASP.DOMAIN Password for Administrateur@ASP.DOMAIN: root@debian:~# klist Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_0 Default principal: Administrateur@ASP.DOMAIN Valid starting...
I have an issue when I try to join my domain.
I am able to create the kerberos ticket successfully.
root@debian:~# kinit Administrateur@ASP.DOMAIN
Password for Administrateur@ASP.DOMAIN:
root@debian:~# klist
Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc_0
Default principal: Administrateur@ASP.DOMAIN
Valid starting Expires Service principal
26/04/2016 18:20:18 27/04/2016 04:20:18 krbtgt/ASP.DOMAIN@ASP.DOMAIN
renew until 27/04/2016 18:20:11
and when I try to join the domain :
root@debian:~# net ads join -k
Failed to join domain: failed to lookup
DC info for domain 'ASP.DOMAIN' over rpc: {Device Timeout} The
specified I/O operation on %hs was not completed before the time-out period expired.
my krb5.conf is:
[libdefaults]
default_realm = ASP.DOMAIN
# The following krb5.conf variables are only for MIT Kerberos.
krb4_config = /etc/krb.conf
krb4_realms = /etc/krb.realms
kdc_timesync = 1
ccache_type = 4
forwardable = true
proxiable = true
[realms]
ASP.DOMAIN = {
kdc = asp.domain
admin_server = server.domain
default_domain = DOMAIN
}
[domain_realm]
.asp.domain = ASP.DOMAIN
asp.domain = ASP.DOMAIN
My smb.conf :
[global]
security = ADS
realm = ASP.DOMAIN
password server = server.domain
workgroup = asp.domain
winbind separator = /
idmap uid = 10000-20000
idmap gid = 10000-20000
winbind enum users = yes
winbind enum groups = yes
template homedir = /home/%D/%U
template shell = /bin/bash
client use spnego = yes
winbind use default domain = yes
domain master = no
local master = no
preferred master = no
os level = 0
I have no idea: there is no drop on my firewall. The ticket is ok. I've tried with 3 Domain Controlers.
PS : Domain is a variable
EDIT : I've tried to do it with samba-tool too
root@debian:~# samba-tool domain join ASP.DOMAIN MEMBER -UAdministrateur --real=ASP.DOMAIN
ERROR(runtime): uncaught exception - Connection to SAMR pipe of PDC for ASP.DOMAIN failed: Connection to DC failed: NT_STATUS_IO_TIMEOUT
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/samba/netcmd/__init__.py", line 175, in _run
return self.run(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/samba/netcmd/domain.py", line 606, in run
machinepass=machinepass)
EDIT 2 : Join is ok ? But wbinfo -u is not ok
root@debian:~# net ads join -U Administrateur
Enter Administrateur's password:
Using short domain name -- DOMAIN
Joined 'ASP.DOMAIN' to dns domain 'asp.domain'
DNS Update for asp.kapia failed: ERROR_DNS_GSS_ERROR
DNS update failed: NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL
root@debian:~# net ads testjoin
Join is OK
root@debian:~# wbinfo -u
could not obtain winbind interface details: WBC_ERR_WINBIND_NOT_AVAILABLE
could not obtain winbind domain name!
Error looking up domain users
EDIT 3 :
EDIT 4 :
root@debian:~# service winbind status
● winbind.service - LSB: start Winbind daemon
Loaded: loaded (/etc/init.d/winbind)
Active: active (exited) since mer. 2016-04-27 16:16:00 CEST; 55s ago
Process: 2222 ExecStart=/etc/init.d/winbind start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: #5 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtevent.so.0(tevent_common_loop_timer_delay+0xcd) [0x7fbc2b11e1cd]
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: #6 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtevent.so.0(+0x91ca) [0x7fbc2b11f1ca]
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: #7 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtevent.so.0(+0x78e7) [0x7fbc2b11d8e7]
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: #8 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtevent.so.0(_tevent_loop_once+0x8d) [0x7fbc2b11a12d]
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: #9 /usr/sbin/winbindd(main+0xb7c) [0x7fbc325cbc8c]
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: #10 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6(__libc_start_main+0xf5) [0x7fbc2a92db45]
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: #11 /usr/sbin/winbindd(+0x25318) [0x7fbc325cc318]
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: [2016/04/27 16:16:00.971185, 0] ../source3/lib/dumpcore.c:318(dump_core)
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd: dumping core in /var/log/samba/cores/winbindd
avril 27 16:16:00 debian winbindd:

Mikael Denis
(31 rep)
Apr 27, 2016, 08:41 AM
• Last activity: Jun 28, 2025, 07:08 PM
0
votes
0
answers
44
views
Cannot open LibreOffice files on Samba share concurrently on Debian Linux - File locking issue
We have a Samba file server and use Debian Linux for both server and clients. Everything works fine. Except for one thing: If someone opens a LibreOffice document (mainly Calc / *.ods), nobody else can open the same file concurrently, not even "read only" or as a copy. If I try to open such a file,...
We have a Samba file server and use Debian Linux for both server and clients.
Everything works fine. Except for one thing:
If someone opens a LibreOffice document (mainly Calc / *.ods), nobody else can open the same file concurrently, not even "read only" or as a copy.
If I try to open such a file, LibreOffice says it is locked by a certain named user or by an unknown user (the latter happens if I
rm
the ~lock.
file).
Then I can choose if I want to open the file read-only or if I want to work with a copy of the file. That's fine. But none of both options work! If I choose "open read only", nothing happens. If I choose "work with a copy", an empty Writer document opens up (although I tried to open an ods
file with Calc).
Next thing I tried: I can't even run md5sum document.ods
! It says permission denied.
So it's not just LibreOffice that cannot open the file for concurrent read access.
LibreOffice seems to put an exclusive lock on the file when it is opened for editing. Nobody else can open the file until the first user closes the document.
Any ideas what I could try?
Preventing concurrent write access is reasonable. But why does it also block concurrent read access? And how can I disable that?
getfacl
output on the file server looks fine so far.
MrSnrub
(145 rep)
Jun 25, 2025, 09:16 AM
• Last activity: Jun 25, 2025, 10:59 AM
2
votes
1
answers
2573
views
Samba 3.6.12 and NIS
We were able to use Samba and NIS on Samba 3.0.8 on Solaris 10 U5. When we update system to Solaris 10 U11, samba version became 3.6.12. And we are unable to authenticate like old style. I did not include some parameters on below(create directory mask,etc...) Old `smb.conf` [global] workgroup = WORK...
We were able to use Samba and NIS on Samba 3.0.8 on Solaris 10 U5. When we update system to Solaris 10 U11, samba version became 3.6.12. And we are unable to authenticate like old style.
I did not include some parameters on below(create directory mask,etc...)
Old
smb.conf
[global]
workgroup = WORKGROUPNAME
server string = Samba Server
security = SERVER
password server = dc6n, dc7n
username map = /etc/sfw/username.map
local master = No
dns proxy = No
wins server = dc6n, dc7n
kernel oplocks = No
host msdfs = No
map archive = No
oplocks = No
level2 oplocks = No
old nsswitch.conf
passwd files nis
hosts files nis
We try to set same configuration to Samba 3.6.12, but it did not work. So I decided to use security = ADS with Kerberos. This is worked but the way we did not want. Because, only windows domain users were able to login and NIS users not.
New /etc/smb.conf
workgroup = WORKGROUPNAME
realm = domain.com
security = ADS
password server = dc6n.domain.com
utmp = Yes
idmap config *:backend = tdb
idmap config *:range = 5000-9999
idmap config NETADM:backend = tdb
idmap config NETADM:range = 10000-90000
idmap uid = 100000-500000
idmap gid = 100000-500000
template homedir = /home/%U
template shell = /bin/tcsh
winbind cache time = 1800
winbind enum users = No
winbind enum groups = No
winbind use default domain = Yes
winbind separator = /
create krb5 conf = No
local master = yes
domain login = yes
domain master = yes
preferred master = yes
New /etc/nsswitch.conf
passwd files winbind nis
hosts files winbind nis
New /etc/krb5.conf
[libdefaults]
domain.com = domain.com
dns_lookup_kdc = true
[realms]
symantec.local = {
kdc = dc6n.domain.com
admin_server = dc6n.domain.com
}
[domain_realm]
.domain.com = domain.com
I am able to get users info from AD and NIS with wbinfo
and genent
commands.
How can we authenticate like old style again?
mr unix
(21 rep)
Jan 18, 2014, 09:26 AM
• Last activity: Jun 23, 2025, 07:06 AM
8
votes
2
answers
5344
views
"Only root can mount" error - but I am root
Yesterday I was able to mount my smb share with the following command: sudo mount -t cifs //XXXX/share /media/share -o user=Ben,password=XXX,workgroup=WORKGROUP,ip=XXX.XX.XX,uid=ben,gid=ben,rw I don't know why it is not working anymore. (Maybe from system update). I got the following error : mount:...
Yesterday I was able to mount my smb share with the following command:
sudo mount -t cifs //XXXX/share /media/share -o user=Ben,password=XXX,workgroup=WORKGROUP,ip=XXX.XX.XX,uid=ben,gid=ben,rw
I don't know why it is not working anymore. (Maybe from system update).
I got the following error :
mount: only root can mount //XXX.XXX.XXX/share on /home/ben/share
I don't know how to fix this problem..
I've also tried to mount it with su -, and Smbclient is working.
I'm Running ArchLinux.
Ben D
(691 rep)
Mar 1, 2012, 08:00 PM
• Last activity: Jun 22, 2025, 08:03 PM
0
votes
1
answers
2301
views
Secondary DRBD node does not auto-start in Pacemaker+Corosync setup
I am trying to set up a 2-PC cluster with shared resources: `ClusterIP`, `ClusterSamba`, `ClusterNFS`, `DRBD` (cloned resource), and a `DRBDFS`. The beginning of the project followed the [Clusters from Scratch](https://clusterlabs.org/pacemaker/doc/en-US/Pacemaker/2.0/html/Clusters_from_Scratch/inde...
I am trying to set up a 2-PC cluster with shared resources:
ClusterIP
, ClusterSamba
, ClusterNFS
, DRBD
(cloned resource), and a DRBDFS
.
The beginning of the project followed the [Clusters from Scratch](https://clusterlabs.org/pacemaker/doc/en-US/Pacemaker/2.0/html/Clusters_from_Scratch/index.html) guide. When everything in this guide is done, it works without problems.
So, I wanted to use parts of that guide and build my own setup:
I created one shared IP (ClusterIP
) that is automatically assigned to one node, and (here is where it gets tricky) on that node, I mount my /dev/drbd1
device to /exports
and then share this mount through **SAMBA** and **NFS**.
When I start the cluster, all resources come up as they should, _but DRBD does not go up on the secondary node_ (Primary/Unknown
). If I bring it up manually, it syncs and works. Also, when I stop the cluster (or forcibly reboot the first node), all resources transfer to the other node and everything works, _except DRBD on the other node goes into an Unknown state_.
### So now, here is the problem:
**Why does DRBD go down on the secondary node when I stop the cluster? Or why doesn't it start in the Secondary role on the secondary node?**
Sorry if my description is bad.
---
## Here are the commands I used
# apt install -y pacemaker pcs psmisc policycoreutils-python-utils drbd-utils samba nfs-kernel-server
# systemctl start pcsd.service
# systemctl enable pcsd.service
# passwd hacluster
# pcs host auth alice bob
# pcs cluster setup myCluster alice bob --force
# pcs cluster start --all
# pcs property set stonith-enabled=false
# pcs property set no-quorum-policy=ignore
# modprobe drbd
# echo drbd >/etc/modules-load.d/drbd.conf
# drbdadm create-md r0
# drbdadm up r0
# drbdadm primary r0 --force
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/drbd1
# systemctl disable smbd
# systemctl disable nfs-kernel-server.service
# mkdir /exports
# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
# vi /etc/exports
# pcs resource create ClusterIP ocf:heartbeat:IPaddr2 ip=10.1.1.30 cidr_netmask=24 op monitor interval=30s
# pcs resource defaults resource-stickiness=100
# pcs resource op defaults timeout=240s
# pcs resource create ClusterSamba lsb:smbd op monitor interval=60s
# pcs resource create ClusterNFS ocf:heartbeat:nfsserver op monitor interval=60s
# pcs resource create DRBD ocf:linbit:drbd drbd_resource=r0 op monitor interval=60s
# pcs resource promotable DRBD promoted-max=1 promoted-node-max=1 clone-max=2 clone-node-max=1 notify=true
# pcs resource create DRBDFS Filesystem device="/dev/drbd1" directory="/exports" fstype="ext4"
# pcs constraint order ClusterIP then ClusterNFS
# pcs constraint order ClusterNFS then ClusterSamba
# pcs constraint order promote DRBD-clone then start DRBDFS
# pcs constraint order DRBDFS then ClusterNFS
# pcs constraint order ClusterIP then DRBD-clone
# pcs constraint colocation ClusterSamba with ClusterIP
# pcs constraint colocation add ClusterSamba with ClusterIP
# pcs constraint colocation add ClusterNFS with ClusterIP
# pcs constraint colocation add DRBDFS with DRBD-clone INFINITY with-rsc-role=Master
# pcs constraint colocation add DRBD-clone with ClusterIP
# pcs cluster stop --all && sleep 2 && pcs cluster start --all
---
## Configs and stats
### /etc/drbd.d/r0.res
resource r0 {
device /dev/drbd1;
disk /dev/sdb;
meta-disk internal;
net {
allow-two-primaries;
}
on alice {
address 10.1.1.31:7788;
}
on bob {
address 10.1.1.32:7788;
}
}
---
### /etc/corosync/corosync.conf
totem {
version: 2
cluster_name: myCluster
transport: knet
crypto_cipher: aes256
crypto_hash: sha256
}
nodelist {
node {
ring0_addr: alice
name: alice
nodeid: 1
}
node {
ring0_addr: bob
name: bob
nodeid: 2
}
}
quorum {
provider: corosync_votequorum
two_node: 1
}
logging {
to_logfile: yes
logfile: /var/log/corosync/corosync.log
to_syslog: yes
timestamp: on
}
---
### pcs status
Cluster name: myCluster
Stack: corosync
Current DC: alice (version 2.0.1-9e909a5bdd) - partition with quorum
Last updated: Fri May 15 12:28:30 2020
Last change: Fri May 15 11:04:50 2020 by root via cibadmin on bob
2 nodes configured
6 resources configured
Online: [ alice bob ]
Full list of resources:
ClusterIP (ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2): Started alice
ClusterSamba (lsb:smbd): Started alice
ClusterNFS (ocf::heartbeat:nfsserver): Started alice
Clone Set: DRBD-clone [DRBD] (promotable)
Masters: [ alice ]
Stopped: [ bob ]
DRBDFS (ocf::heartbeat:Filesystem): Started alice
Daemon Status:
corosync: active/disabled
pacemaker: active/disabled
pcsd: active/enabled
---
### pcs constraint --full
Location Constraints:
Ordering Constraints:
start ClusterIP then start ClusterNFS (kind:Mandatory) (id:order-ClusterIP-ClusterNFS-mandatory)
start ClusterNFS then start ClusterSamba (kind:Mandatory) (id:order-ClusterNFS-ClusterSamba-mandatory)
promote DRBD-clone then start DRBDFS (kind:Mandatory) (id:order-DRBD-clone-DRBDFS-mandatory)
start DRBDFS then start ClusterNFS (kind:Mandatory) (id:order-DRBDFS-ClusterNFS-mandatory)
start ClusterIP then start DRBD-clone (kind:Mandatory) (id:order-ClusterIP-DRBD-clone-mandatory)
start ClusterIP then promote DRBD-clone (kind:Mandatory) (id:order-ClusterIP-DRBD-clone-mandatory-1)
Colocation Constraints:
ClusterSamba with ClusterIP (score:INFINITY) (id:colocation-ClusterSamba-ClusterIP-INFINITY)
ClusterNFS with ClusterIP (score:INFINITY) (id:colocation-ClusterNFS-ClusterIP-INFINITY)
DRBDFS with DRBD-clone (score:INFINITY) (with-rsc-role:Master) (id:colocation-DRBDFS-DRBD-clone-INFINITY)
DRBD-clone with ClusterIP (score:INFINITY) (id:colocation-DRBD-clone-ClusterIP-INFINITY)
Ticket Constraints:
---
### /proc/drbd
version: 8.4.10 (api:1/proto:86-101)
srcversion: 983FCB77F30137D4E127B83
1: cs:WFConnection ro:Primary/Unknown ds:UpToDate/DUnknown C r-----
ns:0 nr:4 dw:8 dr:17 al:1 bm:0 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:f oos:4
Miki
(31 rep)
May 15, 2020, 11:12 AM
• Last activity: Jun 19, 2025, 10:03 PM
1
votes
0
answers
748
views
Using server-side copy on a SMB share
According to the [SMB docs][1] server-side copy should work on recent versions of SMB via `cp --reflink` When trying this with a server running smbd 4.15 (via [crazy-max/docker-samba][2]) and a share mounted with `mount -t cifs -o uid=1000,gid=1000,vers=3.1.1 //host/share/ /share`, I always get `Ope...
According to the SMB docs server-side copy should work on recent versions of SMB via
cp --reflink
When trying this with a server running smbd 4.15 (via crazy-max/docker-samba ) and a share mounted with mount -t cifs -o uid=1000,gid=1000,vers=3.1.1 //host/share/ /share
, I always get Operation not supported
for cp --reflink /share/test /share/test2
.
The versions on the client machine are:
~$ mount.cifs --version
mount.cifs version: 6.9
~$ uname -r
5.4.0-125-generic
Why is it not working? Any ideas? Thanks!
frsc
(111 rep)
Aug 30, 2022, 02:17 PM
• Last activity: Jun 16, 2025, 03:30 PM
1
votes
1
answers
2594
views
Is there any clean way to create samba share for multiple homes?
I'm using [homes] section for every user for their /home/username directory. The code in smb.conf is like this ``` [homes] comment = Home Directories browseable = no read only = no create mask = 0664 directory mask = 2775 valid users = %S ``` But I also have a 2nd disk and I want to create /home2/us...
I'm using [homes] section for every user for their /home/username directory. The code in smb.conf is like this
[homes]
comment = Home Directories
browseable = no
read only = no
create mask = 0664
directory mask = 2775
valid users = %S
But I also have a 2nd disk and I want to create /home2/username for everyone on it. Now I add one path for every user like this and it is so tedious.
[jack2]
browseable = no
path = /home2/jack
read only = no
create mask = 0664
directory mask = 2775
valid users = jack
[fiona2]
browseable = no
path = /home2/fiona
read only = no
create mask = 0664
directory mask = 2775
valid users = fiona
...
I wish there is something like (this doesn't work)
[%S2]
browseable = no
path = /home2/%S
read only = no
create mask = 0664
directory mask = 2775
valid users = %S
so I don't need to add each one for them (the share name has a '2' appended to its name to distinguish it from the normal homes). It it possible?
I'm administrator of our private server. I also use lvm on it but since I'm new to lvm and for reliability reason I didn't merge all disks into a whole one so each disk has its home directory.
Thanks
Jack
(11 rep)
Dec 17, 2019, 07:35 AM
• Last activity: Jun 15, 2025, 03:04 PM
0
votes
0
answers
1918
views
Unable to mount a cifs share in Centos, and from Windows clients which are not domain joined
We have a departmental file share and using "mount.cifs" in Centos works to connect to the share. Windows clients either standalone or domain joined can access the share. Fine !! We have a Dell storage device running FluidFS. Only Windows clients which are domain joined can connect. * Non domain joi...
We have a departmental file share and using "mount.cifs" in Centos works to connect to the share.
Windows clients either standalone or domain joined can access the share. Fine !!
We have a Dell storage device running FluidFS. Only Windows clients which are domain joined can connect.
* Non domain joined workstations give the
The specified network password is not correct
error.
* The Centos machine gives
mount error(13): Permission denied
I have tried all values for the sec
option in Centos.
Centos extract from /var/log/messages
May 19 15:33:25 backup kernel: No dialect specified on mount. Default has changed to a more secure dialect, SMB2.1 or later (e.g. SMB3), from CIFS (SMB1). To use the less secure SMB1 dialect to access old servers which do not support SMB3 (or SMB2.1) specify vers=1.0 on mount.
May 19 15:33:25 backup kernel: Status code returned 0xc000006d STATUS_LOGON_FAILURE
May 19 15:33:25 backup kernel: CIFS VFS: Send error in SessSetup = -13
I don't understand what's going on. Any advice is welcome.
George
George Thompson
(11 rep)
May 19, 2020, 02:43 PM
• Last activity: Jun 14, 2025, 08:01 PM
0
votes
1
answers
332
views
How can I log in to Samba Domain Controller with domain account?
I have provisioned my server to domain controller using samba sudo samba-tool domain provision \ --interactive \ --use-rfc2307 \ --backend-store=mdb \ --backend-store-size=16Gb \ --function-level=2016 \ --option="ad dc functional level = 2016" I can join other machines to domain (using sssd) and log...
I have provisioned my server to domain controller using samba
sudo samba-tool domain provision \
--interactive \
--use-rfc2307 \
--backend-store=mdb \
--backend-store-size=16Gb \
--function-level=2016 \
--option="ad dc functional level = 2016"
I can join other machines to domain (using sssd) and log in to them using my domain accounts.
But I cannot login to my domain controller with my domain administrator account. I tried sssd, but in every instruction I saw - I need to join computer to domain (but I'm already in the domain as a domain controller). Can anyone tell me if it is possible and if so, how can I do it?
While I try to log in
sudo login administrator@domain.name
I'm getting error - user not found
If I
id administrator@domain.name
or
id administrator
I also get id: «administrator@domain.name»: There is no such user
Никита Грубов
(1 rep)
Sep 24, 2024, 12:37 PM
• Last activity: Jun 7, 2025, 05:38 AM
5
votes
1
answers
4477
views
Networking and Samba from a quest OS running on qemu
I'm trying to test some software on a big endian system to ensure compatibility. My plan is to use qemu on Ubuntu 12.04 to emulate a MIPS system. So far I've been able to create the quest system successfully, but I haven't been able to network it with the host system. I can access the outside world...
I'm trying to test some software on a big endian system to ensure compatibility. My plan is to use qemu on Ubuntu 12.04 to emulate a MIPS system. So far I've been able to create the quest system successfully, but I haven't been able to network it with the host system. I can access the outside world from the guest system (e.g. wget or apt-get), but my attempts at setting up samba have failed.
According to this , in QEmu 1.1 and newer the network bridge helper can set tun/tap up for you without the need for additional scripting. I'm trying to use that since I've seen different versions of the scripts. Right now
qemu-system-mips -version
reports the following:
QEMU emulator version 1.0.50 (Debian 1.0.50-2012.03-0ubuntu2.1), Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
I've compiled from the 1.4.1 source and used the version from apt-get
. Both report the same thing. I'm working under the assumption that I have version 1.1 or later despite what -version
is telling me. Anyway, the next instruction was to turn on the setuid attribute for the default network helper:
sudo chmod u+s /usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper
Next I created a bridge.conf
file in /etc/qemu/
and /usr/local/etc/qemu
with -rw-r--r--
for permissions. The contents of the file are:
allow br0
If I start QEmu with the following command:
qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda disk.img -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0" -nographic -net nic -net bridge,br=br0 -smb /home/uli/samba
or with
qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda disk.img -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0" -nographic -netdev bridge,id=hn0 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hn0,id=nic1
or with
qemu-system-mips -M malta -kernel vmlinux-2.6.32-5-4kc-malta -hda disk.img -append "root=/dev/sda1 console=ttyS0" -nographic -netdev tap,helper=/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper,id=hn0 -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=hn0,id=nic1
I get the following error:
failed to get mtu of bridge `br0': No such device
failed to launch bridge helper
qemu-system-mips: -net bridge,br=br0: Device 'bridge' could not be initialized
Fair enough, I didn't create the br0 bridge. I've tried creating one with a script I don't understand, but then my quest MIPS QEmu system no longer connects to anything. It sees br0, but it doesn't get an IP address. Clearly I'm doing something wrong here:
ifconfig br0 down
brctl delbr br0
ifconfig eth2 0.0.0.0 promisc up
brctl addbr br0
brctl setfd br0 0
brctl addif br0 eth2
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/br0/proxy_arp
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth2/proxy_arp
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
dhclient br0
ifconfig br0 up
Is there an easier way to do this? Personally, I would be fine just using the SMB server on \\10.0.2.4\qemu that's described here , but that hasn't worked for me either (115 errors when I try to mount the share, presumably because of networking trouble).
**Update**
Once I create the bridge, I see the following output from ifconfig on the host machine:
br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
inet addr:10.2.32.101 Bcast:10.2.32.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:85 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:51 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:8235 (8.2 KB) TX bytes:9227 (9.2 KB)
eth2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:196581 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:44205 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:139517339 (139.5 MB) TX bytes:3365206 (3.3 MB)
Checking the brctl show
output, I see the following:
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.XXXXXXXXXXXX no eth2
Now I start the quest system in QEmu. If I run ifconfig, I see the following:
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:536 errors:1 dropped:51 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:55083 (53.7 KiB) TX bytes:2862 (2.7 KiB)
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1020
And the bridge looks like this:
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
br0 8000.XXXXXXXXXXXX no eth2
tap0
Unfortunately with this setup, the quest system has lost the limited "user mode" networking it once had (i.e. wget and apt-get no longer work). The only IP address I see is for the bridge, so I'm not sure how the quest will appear on the network. The host still appears, at the same IP address as br0.
**Update**
Here is the output from iptables -L
Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
GrandAdmiral
(181 rep)
Apr 30, 2013, 09:06 PM
• Last activity: Jun 5, 2025, 11:03 PM
0
votes
1
answers
2811
views
Samba 4 permission problem, force user/group
Samba is configured to use user 'torrent' and group 'users' for guest access. I am not able to alter directory and its contents without them having g+w permissions. I'd like to have this directory writable without g+w permissions. What am i missing ? My `smb.conf`: [global] security = user map to gu...
Samba is configured to use user 'torrent' and group 'users' for guest access.
I am not able to alter directory and its contents without them having g+w permissions.
I'd like to have this directory writable without g+w permissions.
What am i missing ?
My
smb.conf
:
[global]
security = user
map to guest = bad user
guest account = torrent
[WDC_1T]
comment = -- WDC 1TB --
path = /mnt/WDC_1T
read only = no
writeable = yes
guest only = yes
guest ok = yes
force user = torrent
force group = users
guest account = torrent
create mask = 0644
force create mode = 0644
directory mask = 0755
force directory mode = 0755
created a directory via samba, everything works as supposed:
ls -ld _TEST_OK_/
drwxrwxr-x 2 torrent users 4096 02-27 15:42 _TEST_OK_/
created a directory on linux, same permissions, except not writable by group -> no write access:
ls -ld _TEST_PERMISSION_ERROR_/
drwxr-xr-x 2 torrent users 4096 02-27 15:40 _TEST_PERMISSION_ERROR_/
ls -lR _TEST_PERMISSION_ERROR_/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 torrent users 0 02-27 15:40 plik1.txt
vooyeQ
(11 rep)
Feb 27, 2020, 03:48 PM
• Last activity: Jun 5, 2025, 04:01 PM
2
votes
1
answers
2641
views
Edit samba user password hash/digest without knowing the password
I am maintaining a samba server for an office environment. So far, whenever there had to be a new user, I called the person over and let him type in his samba password on my console, after I typed `smbpasswd -a username`. I don't want to know any of the passwords. For the unix passwords, I just let...
I am maintaining a samba server for an office environment. So far, whenever there had to be a new user, I called the person over and let him type in his samba password on my console, after I typed
smbpasswd -a username
. I don't want to know any of the passwords.
For the unix passwords, I just let them create a password digest (e.g. http://www.askapache.com/online-tools/htpasswd-generator/) in advance and edit the password file later with vipw -s
.
Now I have a remote colleague who can't come over to type in his password, but I still don't want to know it at all.
How can I edit the samba password without actually knowing the password itself, but just a digest?
Preexo
(5083 rep)
May 28, 2015, 05:29 AM
• Last activity: Jun 1, 2025, 12:07 PM
2
votes
1
answers
3341
views
Samba - Unable to open new log file '/var/log/samba/smbd.log': Permission denied
When I check samba status it shows me the following errors: service smb status Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd[203323]: Unable to open new log file '/var/log/samba/log.smbd': Permission denied Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd[203323]: [2021/03/03 11:17:37.691484, 0] ../lib/util/debu...
When I check samba status it shows me the following errors:
service smb status
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: Unable to open new log file '/var/log/samba/log.smbd': Permission denied
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: [2021/03/03 11:17:37.691484, 0] ../lib/util/debug.c:1055(reopen_logs_internal)
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: Unable to open new log file '/var/log/samba/log.smbd': Permission denied
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: [2021/03/03 11:17:37.691532, 0] ../lib/util/debug.c:1055(reopen_logs_internal)
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: Unable to open new log file '/var/log/samba/log.smbd': Permission denied
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: [2021/03/03 11:17:37.728845, 0] ../lib/util/become_daemon.c:138(daemon_ready)
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: daemon_ready: STATUS=daemon 'smbd' finished starting up and ready to serve connections
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain systemd: Started Samba SMB Daemon.
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: [2021/03/03 11:17:37.732849, 0] ../lib/util/debug.c:1055(reopen_logs_internal)
Mar 03 11:17:37 fujitsu.localdomain smbd: Unable to open new log file '/var/log/samba/log.smbd': Permission denied
Otherwise status of samba is active but this error really confusing me.
I tried to change permissions for this folder but it did't help.
Ekat Sim
(21 rep)
Mar 3, 2021, 09:23 AM
• Last activity: May 28, 2025, 06:02 AM
0
votes
1
answers
29
views
samba home folder unable to list, create or edit files and folders
I have shared my home folder over samba as follows: when i try to create folders from windows I get error "cant create" but folder is created. But permissions are all messed up. file is also created but permissions are messed up. As a result I am not able to open/edit these files or folders from win...
I have shared my home folder over samba as follows:
when i try to create folders from windows I get error "cant create" but folder is created. But permissions are all messed up.
file is also created but permissions are messed up.
As a result I am not able to open/edit these files or folders from windows.
$ ls -lZ
total 48
d-------w-. 2 sar sar system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 4096 May 27 02:01 'New folder'
d-------w-. 2 sar sar system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 4096 May 27 02:01 'New folder (2)'
d-------w-. 2 sar sar system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 4096 May 27 02:01 'New folder (3)'
--------w-. 1 sar sar system_u:object_r:samba_share_t:s0 0 May 27 02:01 'New Text Document.txt'
setup process:
# setsebool samba_enable_home_dirs=1
# chcon -R -t samba_share_t /home/sar
cfg:
[global]
workgroup = mywg
security = user
server string = Samba Server %v
netbios name = myserver
map to guest = bad user
passdb backend = tdbsam
# interfaces = 192.168.xx.xx/255.255.255.0
# bind interfaces only = yes
# Debug logging information #log level 0 none, 3=HUGE
log level = 1
log file = /var/log/samba/%m.samba.log
max log size = 50
debug timestamp = yes
# security setup
server min protocol = SMB3
# server max protocol = SMB3
# SMB3_00: Windows 8, SMB3_02: Windows 8.1, SMB3_10: early Windows 10, SMB3_11: Windows 10 default is SMB3_11
ntlm auth = yes
lanman auth = no
printing = cups
printcap name = cups
load printers = yes
cups options = raw
[homes]
comment = Home Directories
valid users = %S, %D%w%S
read only = No
inherit acls = Yes
browseable = yes
path = /home/%S
create mask = 0644 #0002
directory mask = 0755 #002
I want users to be able to create, add/edit files and folders in their home folders freely. which should not be be accessible to others.
Rajeev
(256 rep)
May 27, 2025, 02:14 AM
• Last activity: May 27, 2025, 04:57 AM
Showing page 1 of 20 total questions