On occasion I've seen comments online along the lines of "make sure you set 'bs=' because the default value will take too long," and my own extremely-unscientific experiences of, "well that seemed to take longer than that other time last week" seem to bear that out. So whenever I use 'dd' (typically in the 1-2GB range) I make sure to specify the bytes parameter. About half the time I use the value specified in whatever online guide I'm copying from; the rest of the time I'll pick some number that makes sense from the 'fdisk -l' listing for what I assume is the slower media (e.g. the SD card I'm writing to). For a given situation (media type, bus sizes, or whatever else matters), is there a way to determine a "best" value? Is it easy to determine? If not, is there an easy way to get 90-95% of the way there? Or is "just pick something bigger than 512" even the correct answer? I've thought of trying the experiment myself, but (in addition to being a lot of work) I'm not sure what factors impact the answer, so I don't know how to design a good experiment.

I have a 4 TB hard drive containing pictures, sounds, and videos from the last 15 years. These files were copied onto this drive from various sources, including hard drives, cameras, phones, CD-ROMs, DVDs, USB sticks, SD cards, and downloads. The files come in formats such as JPEG, PNG, GIF, SVG, VOB, MP4, MPEG, MOV, AVI, SWF, WMV, FLV, 3GP, WAV, WMA, AAC, and OGG. Over the years, the files have been copied back and forth between different file systems, including FAT, exFAT, NTFS, HFS+/APFS, and ext3/ext4. Currently, the hard drive uses the ext4 file system. There are folders and files that appear multiple times (duplicates, triplicates, or even more). The problem is that the folder and filenames are not always identical. For example: 1. A folder named "bilder_2012" might appear elsewhere as "backup_bilder_2012" or "media_2012_backup_2016". 2. In some cases, newer folders contain additional files that were not present in the older versions. 3. The files themselves may have inconsistent names, such as "bild1", "bild2" in one folder and "bilder2018(1)", "bilder2018(2)" in another. What I Want to Achieve: 1. Sort and clean up the files and Remove all duplicates and copy the remaining files to a new hard drive. 2. Identify the original copies and Is there a way to determine which version of a file is the earliest/original? 3. Preserve the original folder names and For example, I know that "bilder_2012" was the first name given to a folder, and I like to keep that name if possible. 4. Standardize file naming and After copying, I like the files to follow a consistent naming scheme, such as. Folder: "bilder2012" and Files: "bilder2012(1).jpeg", "bilder2012(2).jpeg", etc. Is there a way to automate this process while ensuring the oldest/original files are preserved and duplicates are safely removed?

According to the SMB docs server-side copy should work on recent versions of SMB via cp --reflink When trying this with a server running smbd 4.15 (via crazy-max/docker-samba ) and a share mounted with mount -t cifs -o uid=1000,gid=1000,vers=3.1.1 //host/share/ /share, I always get Operation not supported for cp --reflink /share/test /share/test2. The versions on the client machine are:

~$ mount.cifs --version
mount.cifs version: 6.9
~$ uname -r
5.4.0-125-generic

Why is it not working? Any ideas? Thanks!

how to copy a HD to another if the CPU is freezing after a few GB ? I had to copy w11 of a friend notebook from a 128GB nvme to a 1TB nvme. I put nvne128gb in a usb adapter and the nvme1TB inside the notebook. The only cost free and granted way to copy the hd was thu linux (that i use everyday). I boot it in a usb liveCD ubuntu 24.04. when I try to copy using gparted or dd, the pc freezes everytime around 15GB :( What is going on?

I am using the following rsync command which includes the "update" option, meaning it will skip files at the receiver which are newer. It works, except that I need it to tell me the **files which were skipped** because they are newer on the receiver. rsync -ahHX --delete --itemize-changes --stats --update /path/to/source/ --exclude=/dir1/ --exclude=/dir2/ --exclude=/dir3/ /path/to/receiver/ I have reviewed the man page and I don't see such an option. I hope I just missed it or didn't understand something. If rsync will not do this, what other tools can I use? I tried diff -rqw /path/to/source/ /path/to/receiver/ but that takes far too long. It is doing more than I need. The total file size is 24.60 GB in 71,835 files.

### Problem: Trying to copy the entire content of one directory to another which includes hidden files/directories and symlinks. This is fairly straightforward cp -a ${src} ${dst} It works as expected on my local VM but **it doesn't work properly on my VPS (hostgator). It fails to copy the symlinks if the link target comes later in the directory listing.** Considering that the original link targets work, are device local and I'm copying on the same device, what is the best way to make sure that the entire directory structure is copied exactly? It took me quite a while but I figured out that all I actually need to do is run the copy command twice and the second pass adds the missing links. Is there a better way than this? ### Working but Hack-ish Solution: src=".default/."; dst="tld.domain/"; cp -a ${src} ${dst}; cp -a ${src} ${dst}; I shouldn't need to double up the command to ensure that everything copied correctly. *I tried tar as well, same issue. I didn't try rsync but both seem like an overkill solution for something that should be a pretty trivial thing.* ### Scenario: For additional perspective in case it matters or I haven't be clear. I have created a template directory structure for website domains. After creating a new sub-domain on my web-host, I copy the template over to the sub-domain's document root. This is my subdomain and template (.default/) directory structure: sites/ .default/ .htaccess .www -> production/ production/ tld.domain.x/ tld.domain.y/ tld.domain.z/ So I create a new subdomain and then populate it's document root with the contents of the template directory. The issue here is that .www/ is a symlink to production/ but cp et al create everything in sorted order so it tries to create .www/ before creating production/ and consequently fails. My web-host is a *HostGator VPS running CentOS6* I can drill the issue down to some restriction on creating symlinks. My guess is that the VPS doesn't allow symlinks to external sources which would normally behave the same as an invalid link target. IE unknown source. Where neither names exist, calling on my VPS: ln -s foo bar Outputs: ln: creating symbolic link `bar': Permission denied If I create foo/ first then link, it works as expected. df -T . shows that **the filesystem type is virtfs**.

I have done one (whole disk, including home folder, even root folder) timeshift snapshot yesterday quickly, expecting an SSD failure soon. Well I did not expect it so soon, it happened today, SSD unresponsive. Is it please possible to somehow copy or rsync or whatever,.. the old home folder with keeping the original dates? If so, how? Thank you kindly in any case, not answering comments of type "timeshift is not backup" because I did not have time for a full disk image backup yesterday, and it happened so quick :(( Thanks again. I will review answers in the morning. Comments section: @1.Kusalananda: timeshift-gtk is a part of Linux Mint for ages, but I believe timeshift command-line is available to other distros without the GTK frontend. I honestly do not know the inner workings of it. And sadly I myself never used rsync at all on my own. Additionaly, I made a screenshot of one folder in the timeshifted "backup" - it has its original date: @2.ChrisDavies:

alias ls='\ls --color=auto --group-directories-first --time-style=+'\''%Y-%b-%d'\'''
alias ll='ls -lhk'

vlastimil@dell-7577:/media/vlastimil/Seagate_5TB_Ext4/timeshift/snapshots/2024-08-27_09-12-32/localhost/home/vlastimil$ ll
total 1,4G
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  8-ball
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jan-24  adamek
drwxrwxr-x  5 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Feb-15  ads-google--overeni
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  alza-ram--jirka
drwxrwxr-x  5 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jan-30  alza-reklamace-hdd
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  ancestry
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Mar-27  android-vykonny-rezim
drwxr-xr-x  8 root      root       4,0K 2024-Jul-08  apache2
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Sep-12  arbitr
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  asus--eye-care-plus--monitor
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-14  audioknihy
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Nov-05  aukro-obtezovani
drwxrwxr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Nov-01  aukro-prodej
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  aukro-ramecek
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  bazos-autobaterie
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-10  bmnet.cz--isp
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-04  burdik-oblekovice
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jun-11  burian.work
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jul-29  centropol
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-May-01  chrome-remote-desktop
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  ClamAV
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Jun-21  cleanity-pro
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Jan-06  coi--icell
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Mar-10  corsair-flashky
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Jun-07  covid-samotesty
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-May-03  cs-george-otec
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Oct-07  csharp-codepage
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Feb-12 'czc-ssd-reklamace Patriot Burst Elite 120GB'
drwxrwxr-x 18 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-26  Data
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-19  datahelp-eko-likvidace-hdd
drwxrwxrwx  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-10  ddrescue-logs
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  dell-NTB
drwxr-xr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-29  Desktop
drwxr-xr-x  9 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Jan-17  Development
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Feb-08  disks-backup
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Feb-19  disky
drwxrwxr-x  5 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-25  DMARC
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  DNS
drwxr-xr-x 33 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-26  Documents
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-28  donio
drwxrwxr-x 11 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jul-19  donio-platby
drwxrwxr-x  5 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-13  Dopamine-Forerunners-remix
drwxr-xr-x 31 vlastimil vlastimil   12K 2024-Aug-26  Downloads
drwxrwxrwx  7 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2019-Mar-30  DPFO_2018
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2020-Mar-18  DPFO_2019
drwxrwxr-x 15 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Mar-21  DPFO_2022
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Apr-25  DPFO_2023
drwxrwxr-x  5 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-30  DPFO_2023_podklady
drwxrwxr-x  5 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  easydmarc-analysis
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-24 'EEE (Energy Efficient Ethernet)'
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Apr-24  elektrina-2023
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jun-20  encefalitida-ockovani
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-13  fakturaonline-cz
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-11  fcb-servis-spam-recenze
drwx---rwx  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Mar-18  FiraxisLive
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2019-Oct-15  flash-32
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil   12K 2024-Aug-03  FoE
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-24  generali-cp--mamka
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Oct-19  github_images
drwx------  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2020-Jun-27  GPUCache
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-13  hdd-datahelp--vykup
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  hedepy
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  hello-bank
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-26  hesla
drwxr-xr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jul-05  honza
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jul-27  honza-ext-8tb
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jan-08  honza-mys-czc
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-13  icmp6
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-26  invalidni-duchod
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-22  iptables
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-May-30  kania.info
drwxrwxr-x  6 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-18  kontrola-zivnosti
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Nov-12  krbylevne-ancona
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jan-12  krizovky-mail-spam
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-May-06  kucinovi-ps4pro
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2020-Sep-14  kulecnik-z-fcb
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  lekarske-zpravy
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Oct-09  lida-pohreb
drwxr-xr-x  6 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2019-Nov-17  mailboxes
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-May-31  mailvelope
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Jan-25  mall--flashka--podvod
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-May-04  mamka-duchod
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-07  mamka-lenovo
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  mamka-OP
drwxr-xr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-13  mdisc
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  mikrovlnka
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2019-Oct-25  MissYou
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-13  moje-videa
drwxr-xr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  moje-videa2
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-13  moneta-vypisy
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-19  monitory-prodej
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Oct-05  Mutumutu
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jan-31  naturamed
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Jun-07  nod32
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  novy-OP
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jun-13  o2-300kc-sleva
drwxrwxrwx  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-23  o2-pods
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-25  o2-pods--sluchatka
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Jul-20  odkazy
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  odklad-splatek-2024
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-22  odorik
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-May-01  office2021
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Mar-07  openssl-enc
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2020-Jun-08  openwrt-ipv6
drwxrwxr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-23  osobni-skore
drwxrwxr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-20  pes
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jun-26  pic-kulecnik
drwxr-xr-x 32 vlastimil vlastimil   12K 2024-Jul-10  Pictures
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  pigz
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jul-10  ping-test--2024-jul-10
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Mar-23  pracka-romo
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-22  preneseni-win10
drwxrwxr-x 10 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-13  programyburian.cz
drwxrwxr-x  5 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-04  proton
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jul-03  ps4-pro
drwxr-xr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Aug-25  PycharmProjects
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jul-20  Questions_and_Answers
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  raspberry
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Feb-18  reallysimple-ssl
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Mar-23  recuva
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-23  redshift
drwxrwxr-x  6 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Apr-25  routery
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-14  samoodecet-elektriny
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  sencor-vysavac--reklamace-mall
drwxrwxr-x  9 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-22  servispc-burian
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jan-03  seznam-firma
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  skylink
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-30  slavia-pojistka
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Feb-27  smaty-sd-karta-rekl
drwx------  6 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jul-04  snap
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  ssd-lexar
drwxrwxr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jun-24  ssd-prodej
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Dec-10  ssd-vadny
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jul-14  switch-prodej
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jun-02  SynologySync
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-May-15  szn-profi
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2020-Mar-27  tago
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-24  tar-hidden-test
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2020-Sep-29  telefon-novy
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Jun-20  tgi
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Sep-16  timeshift-archives
drwxrwxr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2020-Aug-14  tmp
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-26  torrent-uploads
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jun-15  touchpad-navrkalova
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Feb-14  ubuntu-pro
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-03  uniqa-vypoved
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-05  unix_and_linux
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jan-27  vadny-hdd-mironet
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  vim-syntax-sh
drwxrwxr-x  3 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-26  virtualbox-vms
drwxrwxr-x 10 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Dec-13  vlastimilburian.cz
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Sep-01  Vodafone
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jun-17  vorwerk-vk135
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Aug-22  vydaje-2024
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Mar-22  vypadek-elektriky
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jan-11  vysoke-energie
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-26  vzp--ochranny-limit
drwxrwxr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  Win11-burnISO
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  wobenzym
drwxrwxr-x  4 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2024-Apr-08  work
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2021-Oct-17  wpa3-vs-wpa2
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2023-Jan-15  xiaomi-redmi
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Jun-20  zonky-ja-2022
drwxrwxr-x  2 vlastimil vlastimil  4,0K 2022-Jun-18  zonky-otec
-rw-r--r--  1 vlastimil vlastimil   42M 2019-Jul-24  0-interni-data_2019-03-30.tar.xz.enc
-rw-rw-r--  1 vlastimil vlastimil  190K 2020-Nov-29  100fp-for-50k.png
-rw-rw-r--  1 vlastimil vlastimil   50K 2020-Nov-23  100fps-ad-price16k.jpg
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...

Imagine I want to move (rename) a directory tree /var/lib/postgres/data to /var/lib/postgres/data.old:

/var/lib/postgres
└── data
    ├── base
    │   ├── 16390
    │   │   └── 
    │   └── 
    │       └── 
    ├── global
    │   └── 
    ├── pg_wal
    │   ├── 
    │   ├── archive_status
    │   └── summaries
    ├── 
    └── postmaster.pid

Typically, it's a single rename() syscall away and a single command away: mv data data.old. However, imagine that there is an active mountpoint somewhere in that directory tree, e.g., pg_wal is a different filesystem:

$ findmnt

├─/var/lib/postgres                           stank/data/stratofortress/PostgreSQL                              zfs       rw,noatime,xattr,posixacl,casesensitive
│ └─/var/lib/postgres/data/pg_wal             stank/data/stratofortress/PostgreSQL/pg_wal                       zfs       rw,noatime,xattr,posixacl,case-sensitive

Alternatively, imagine that the target name (data.old) already exists and some branches of the directory tree are already created (because they are mountpoints, in the same vein as above). ~~In both these cases~~ In the latter case, mv will refuse to do anything. Performing a deep copy with something like a cp -a is prohibitively expensive, and reflinks are unavailable for reasons that are outside of the scope of this question. --- Is there a tool that can perform an optimal "recursive move", iteratively descending into parts of the source hierarchy for each subtree that cannot be renamed wholesale, up to individual files (finally falling back to making a copy of each individual file if needed)? **NB: I'm looking for a generalized solution that can be extended to any number of subtrees and conflicts, i.e., mv data/* -t data.old; mv data/pg_wal/* -t data.old/pg_wal is not a solution. In other words, please do not infer any constraints or special cases from the example above.**

As a user with non root privileges, when copy/moving a bounch of folders and files, in one batch, from some device into another different partition which is ext4 and too small (space allocated to user) to contain the entire batch of files and folders, but big enough to contain say half of them, and also big enough to contain all of them when considering the special space allocated to root, does nautilus warn before starting or does it interrupt the copy/move when filling the space available to the normal user? The copy/move is done through the GUI with right mouse click -> copy/move and then right mouse click -> paste.

I have this file on disk:

$ ls -lh /path/to/some.mkv
-rwxr-xr-x 1 enrico enrico 7.4G Dec 17 18:54 /path/to/some.mkv

so it's less than 8 gigabytes, but when I try to copy it on a 30GiB flash drive, I get this error:

cp: error writing '/path/to/some.mkv': File too large

Here's the drive:

$ sudo fdisk -l | tail -n 16

Disk /dev/sdc: 29.3 GiB, 31457280000 bytes, 61440000 sectors
Disk model: USB DISK        
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6f20736b

Device     Boot      Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdc1        778135908 1919645538 1141509631 544.3G 72 unknown
/dev/sdc2        168689522 2104717761 1936028240 923.2G 65 Novell Netware 386
/dev/sdc3       1869881465 3805909656 1936028192 923.2G 79 unknown
/dev/sdc4       2885681152 2885736650      55499  27.1M  d unknown

Partition table entries are not in disk order.
$ sudo mount /dev/sdc /mnt/foo
$ cd /mnt/foo
$ df . -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdc         30G   16K   30G   1% /mnt/foo

I have several audio devices (car radio, portable radio, MP3 player) that take SD cards and USB sticks with a FAT file system on it. Because these devices have limited intelligence they do not sort filenames on the FAT FS by name but merely play them in the order in which they have been copied to the SD card. In MS DOS and MS Windows this was not a problem; using a simple utility that sorted files alphabetically and then copied them across in that order did the trick. However, on Linux the files copied from the ext4 file system do not end up on the FAT FS in the same order as in which they were read and copied across, presumably because there is a buffering mechanism in the way which improves efficiency but does not worry too much about the physical order in which the files end up on the target device. I have also tried to use Windows in a Virtual Box VM but still the files end up being written in a different order than the one they were read from the Linux file system. Is there a way (short of copying them across manually one by one and waiting for all write buffers to be flushed) to ensure that files end up on the FAT SD target in the order in which they were read from the ext4 file system?

My pwd is /long_path/lots/of/subs/waydeep/. If I cd -, it will return me to /lastdirectory/long_pathway/very_deep/. Is there a shortcut terminal/cli command to copy file1.ex from the current working directory to the last working directory? (It might look like cp file1.ex -/.) If I moved files between these two frequently, I could create a soft link, but I want to find or make a more general solution. If there is no built-in facility to do this, how could I add it -- let's say to my shell (bash)? I ask because the issue comes up often enough that it would be a useful thing to have ready. Currently using linux Mint 23.1 and Fedora 40, but the question is general for most/any distribution, esp. using terminal (and possibly bash).

I have made a backup B1 on my external hard drive on date D. This hard drive is now in a different location (not at my house). Now I want to make a backup B2 on another external drive, but only of those files that where changed after the date D. As soon as I have B1 back in my hands, I will update B1 and delete B2. The point of B2 is to have security regarding the changes since date D, until I can update my backup properly again. How can I do this even if I do not have B1 at hand?

I am trying to back up data (230 GB, 160k files), over USB3.0 to a newly bought external Seagate Expansion Portable Drive of 4 TB, formatted as NTFS. I am running Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS. I first tried using a simple cp command in the terminal, but after only copying a few percent, the copying started stuttering and became slow. After some time the disk became unresponsive. Remounting the disk did not work. I tried connecting the disk to another computer, and was first unable to mount it, and then after a few attempts, it would mount but read/write would be very slow. Once the cp starts failing, I get the following errors in dmesg (all these messages are repeating multiple times but with some different numbers): [67598.098118] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#18 uas_zap_pending 0 uas-tag 19 inflight: CMD [67598.098122] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#18 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 01 1c 75 24 18 00 00 04 00 00 00 [67598.225621] usb 1-9: reset high-speed USB device number 5 using xhci_hcd [67598.378202] scsi host4: uas_eh_device_reset_handler success [67598.378466] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#14 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_RESET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK [67598.378468] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#14 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 01 1c 74 d0 18 00 00 04 00 00 00 [67598.378470] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sdb, sector 4772384792 op 0x1:(WRITE) flags 0x104000 phys_seg 128 prio class 0 [67598.378473] buffer_io_error: 246 callbacks suppressed [67598.378474] Buffer I/O error on dev sdb2, logical block 596515075, lost async page write [67635.212662] scsi host4: uas_eh_device_reset_handler start [67635.213657] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#28 uas_zap_pending 0 uas-tag 10 inflight: CMD [67635.213658] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] tag#28 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 01 1c 75 e8 18 00 00 04 00 00 00 [67635.340988] usb 1-9: reset high-speed USB device number 5 using xhci_hcd [67635.490335] scsi host4: uas_eh_device_reset_handler success I left the disk for a week, and then did a SMART scan using the Seagate Bootable Tool, which showed no issues. Thus, I attempted copying the data again. The disk would mount properly now and I could read/write without issues, so I started an rsync command. First I did rsync -avh source dest It worked, albeit slowly, for about 20 % of the data, then it started stuttering so I stopped the transfer. I restarted the transfer using rsync -avhW source dest --inplace to try and make it faster. It ran great, much faster than the first attempt, but after a few minutes, I received errors: rsync: recv_generator: failed to stat "..." : Input/output error (5) rsync: write failed on "...": Input/output error (5) rsync error: error in file IO (code 11) at receiver.c(393) [receiver=3.1.2] In dmesg I see the following: [ 6772.890553] buffer_io_error: 1092735 callbacks suppressed [ 6772.890556] Buffer I/O error on dev sdb2, logical block 874428, async page read Once this happened, the disk became unresponsive. After a few minutes I could remount it, and checking the folder to which I was copying data it is completely empty, including the files that were properly copied during my first rsync attempt. I did not try to restore any data to see if the data was still intact, I suppose that it is only the file table that has been corrupted. The files that were being copied at the time of failure are of type .mat.gz, on the order of 1 MB each. As a sidenote, an old external Seagate disk recently broke when I was copying small amounts of data from it, on this computer (the infamous click of death...), which was also my first HDD ever to die. I have no idea what to make of this, if the problem lies with how I am copying data (can copying data destroy disks?), if the problem lies with hardware (computer, HDD, USB-SATA converter, ...) or if it has to do with Ubuntu... Normally I only run Manjaro and I never experienced this kind of issues.

I am using a Linux (CentOS) machine, and I have already connected to another system using SSH. Now, my question is: How can I copy files from one system to another system? Suppose, in my environment, I have two system like System A and System B. I'm using System A machine and some other using System B machine. How can I copy a file from System B to System A? And, copy a file from System A to System B?

Is there any filesystem where I can say map file1, file2, file3 and file4 together to file1234? file1 is 100M file2 is 100M file3 is 100M file4 is 100M ... and file1234 will then be 400M, and it is safely stored in this filesystem? not a virtual-filesystem, it must be saved at filesystem.

I am having some trouble with NFS, and I'd like to try using just plain old TCP. I have no idea where to begin, though. Hardware-wise, I am using an ethernet crossover cable to network two netbooks. To network them, I type $ sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 up && ping -c 10 -s 10 192.168.1.2 && sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start on the first netbook and $ sudo ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2 up $ ping -c 10 -s 10 192.168.1.1 $ mount /mnt/network1 on the second where /mnt/network1 is specified in /etc/fstab as 192.168.1.1:/home /mnt/network1 nfs noauto,user,exec,soft,nfsvers=2 0 0 as well as in /etc/exports (using the syntax of that file), on the first netbook. The above works fine, but the files and directories are huge. The files average about half a gigabyte a piece, and the directories are all between 15 and 50 gigabytes. I'm using rsync to transfer them, and the command (on 192.168.1.2) is $ rsync -avxS /mnt/network1 ~/somedir I'm not sure if there's a way to tweak my NFS settings to handle huge files better, but I'd like to see if running an rsync daemon over plain old TCP works better than rsync over NFS. So, to reiterate, how do I set up a similar network with TCP? **UPDATE:** So, after a good at few hours of attempting to pull myself out of the morass of my own ignorance (or, as I like to think of it, to pull myself up by my own bootstraps) I came up with some useful facts. But first of all, what led me on this rabbit trail instead of simply accepting the current best answer was this: nc is an unbelievably cool program that resolutely fails to work for me. I've tried the netcat-openbsd and netcat-traditional packages with no luck whatsoever. The error I get on the receiving machine (192.168.1.2) is: me@netbook:~$ nc -q 1 -l -p 32934 | tar xv Can't grab 0.0.0.0:32934 with bind tar: This does not look like a tar archive tar: Exiting with failure status due to previous errors route gives: me@netbook:~$ route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface default dir-615 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 eth0 192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 2 0 0 wlan0 192.168.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 But, here's the good news: having the static IP addresses set in /etc/network/interfaces, which I started doing while trying to get nc working, fixed all my NFS problems and rekindled my love for NFS. The exact configuration I used (with 192.168.1.1 for the first netbook, of course) was: auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 With those settings, the two netbooks will be able to ping each other directly after being booted up, without even an ifup. Anyway, I'd still really like to see nc in action, so I'm hoping someone help me debug this process.

I am using rsync to sync around ~2TB of data. I get the following errors in the log file:

rsync: [receiver] mkstemp "/mnt/sd25-4tb-bkp4-mnt4/tns-maindatads-smb/tns-maindatads-smb/main-data-subds-1/GoogleDrive-alk8915-bkp-2024-07-09-1800/Programirane neshta failove alk19890105/SoftUni/SoftUni AI 2021 Materials/SoftUni - AI - Data Science June 2021/softuni-ai-datascience-2021-project-FINAL-SUBMISSION/softuni-ai-datascience-2021-project-atkuzmanov-FINAL/resources/images/.Icon\#015.pu2lTm" failed: Invalid argument (22)

I researched around for this error, but everywhere I found related to ownership, which should not be my case, as I am using --no-o and --no-g. I think it is probably related to some special symbols, such as new line or ":" (colon). I definitely have some files and directories which contain ":" (colon), they are system files and I want to be able to synchronize them without renaming them as this will cause problems. How can I do that? Here is the rsync sync command I am running with the flags:

rsync -avvvzh \
  "$SRC" \
  "$DEST_DIR" \
  --log-file=$log_file \
  --progress \
  --links \
  --checksum \
  --bwlimit="192M" \
  --delete-during \
  --delete \
  --timeout="60" \
  --compress \
  --no-o \
  --no-g

Rsync version:

rsync --version
rsync  version 3.2.7  protocol version 31
Copyright (C) 1996-2022 by Andrew Tridgell, Wayne Davison, and others.
Web site: https://rsync.samba.org/ 
Capabilities:
    64-bit files, 64-bit inums, 64-bit timestamps, 64-bit long ints,
    socketpairs, symlinks, symtimes, hardlinks, hardlink-specials,
    hardlink-symlinks, IPv6, atimes, batchfiles, inplace, append, ACLs,
    xattrs, optional secluded-args, iconv, prealloc, stop-at, no crtimes
Optimizations:
    SIMD-roll, no asm-roll, openssl-crypto, no asm-MD5
Checksum list:
    xxh128 xxh3 xxh64 (xxhash) md5 md4 sha1 none
Compress list:
    zstd lz4 zlibx zlib none
Daemon auth list:
    sha512 sha256 sha1 md5 md4

rsync comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.  This is free software, and you
are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.  See the GNU
General Public Licence for details.

Ubuntu Server version:

ubuntu 24.04 (64 bit) LTS

I am using rsync to sync around ~2TB of data to a mechanical HDD-5400RPM. It's taking way too long. How can I improve the sync and check speeds to get as close as possible to maximum/optimal? Here is the rsync sync command I am running with the flags:

rsync -vvv \ # -v: Basic information, like the files being transferred. # -vv: More details, such as when files are being skipped. # -vvv: Even more detailed, including internal operations and potentially overwhelming.
  -z \ # Compress data during transfer
  -h \ # Human-readable
  -a \ # Archive mode
  -A \ # Preserve ACLs
  -H \ # Preserve hard links
  -S \ # Handle sparse files efficiently
  -X \ # Preserve extended attributes
  "$SRC" \
  "$DEST_DIR" \
  --log-file=$log_file \
  --progress \
  --links \
  --checksum \
  --bwlimit="192M" \
  --delete-during \
  --delete \
  --timeout="60" \
  --compress \
  --no-o \
  --no-g \
  --whole-file \
  --preallocate \
  --atimes \
  --update \
  --partial

And here is the rsync check command I am running with the flags:

rsync -vvv \ # -v: Basic information, like the files being transferred. # -vv: More details, such as when files are being skipped. # -vvv: Even more detailed, including internal operations and potentially overwhelming.
  -z \ # Compress data during transfer
  -h \ # Human-readable
  -a \ # Archive mode
  -A \ # Preserve ACLs
  -H \ # Preserve hard links
  -S \ # Handle sparse files efficiently
  -X \ # Preserve extended attributes
  "$src" \
  "$dest" \
  --log-file=$log_file
  --progress \
  --links \
  --checksum \
  --bwlimit="192M" \
  --compress
  --no-o \
  --no-g \
  --contimeout="60" \
  --ignore-errors \
  --stats \
  --max-delete=0 \
  --whole-file \
  --preallocate \
  --atimes \
  --update

Rsync version:

rsync --version
rsync  version 3.2.7  protocol version 31
Copyright (C) 1996-2022 by Andrew Tridgell, Wayne Davison, and others.
Web site: https://rsync.samba.org/ 
Capabilities:
    64-bit files, 64-bit inums, 64-bit timestamps, 64-bit long ints,
    socketpairs, symlinks, symtimes, hardlinks, hardlink-specials,
    hardlink-symlinks, IPv6, atimes, batchfiles, inplace, append, ACLs,
    xattrs, optional secluded-args, iconv, prealloc, stop-at, no crtimes
Optimizations:
    SIMD-roll, no asm-roll, openssl-crypto, no asm-MD5
Checksum list:
    xxh128 xxh3 xxh64 (xxhash) md5 md4 sha1 none
Compress list:
    zstd lz4 zlibx zlib none
Daemon auth list:
    sha512 sha256 sha1 md5 md4

rsync comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.  This is free software, and you
are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.  See the GNU
General Public Licence for details.

Ubuntu Server version:

ubuntu 24.04 (64 bit) LTS

Let's say I have a large file (8GB) called example.log on ZFS. I do cp example.log example.bak to make a copy. Then I add or modify a few bytes in original file. What will happen? Will ZFS copy the entire 8GB file or only the blocks that changed (and all the chain of inodes pointing from the file descriptor to that block)?